The analysis of the essential oil of Piper guineense from Nigeria presents a new chemotype of constituents different from earlier reports with the absence of the usual myristicin. Ishwarane, a common constituent of Aristolochia indica and Bixa orellana, was also isolated from the essential oil of the fruit. The essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH 655 strain at 5 mg/mL on which standard antibiotic drugs were ineffective.
The fumigant toxicity of eight essential oil components, 1-8-cineole, carvacrol, eugenol, (−)-menthone, (−)-linalool, S-(−)-limonene, (−)-β-pinene, and (+)-α-pinene, was tested against the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at 0.25–60 µL/L air doses. 1-8-Cineole, carvacrol, and eugenol caused complete adult mortality at 10 µL/L air 24 h after treatment. 1-8-Cineole and carvacrol were the most toxic with LD50values of 0.24 and 0.6 µL/L air at 24 h, respectively. (−)-β-Pinene and (+)-α-pinene were the least toxic with LD50values of 31 and 31.4 µL/L air at 24 h, respectively. Toxicity was negatively correlated with vapor pressure. 1-8-Cineole and carvacrol caused 100% oviposition deterrence at all doses tested. Eugenol and (−)-menthone completely inhibited adult emergence.S-(−)-Limonene, (−)-β-pinene, and (+)-α-pinene were not effective at preventing oviposition or adult emergence, suggesting that a lethal dose of the three oil components would be necessary to controlC. maculatusinfestations.
Aim: The quest for novel bioactive from natural sources informed the evaluation of the antimicrobial alongside the phytochemical composition of leaf extracts of Persea americana obtained from Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Study Design: This study assessed the prospective antimicrobial efficacy of Persia americana against selected clinically relevant bacteria and fungi. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted between April and September, 2015 at the Microbiology 2 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Salmonella typhi ATCC 33489) were obtained from the Pathology and Clinical Laboratory of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria while Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were obtained from the culture collection center of the Department of Microbiology, FUTA. The authenticity of the bacterial and fungal isolates were confirmed using standard procedures. Persea americana leaves were collected from a building opposite BTO hall Ilesha garage, Akure, Ondo State and identified at the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure.Antimicrobial activities of the leaves extract were assessed on clinical and typed microbial cultures using standard microbiological procedures. Results: The extracts displayed varying antimicrobial activities against all the test organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 10.27 mm to 34.20 mm. The leaves extracts were effective against all the organisms; with the methanolic P. americana extract having the highest antibacterial activity (34.20 mm) while the acetone extract had the highest antifungal activity (12.60 mm). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. Conclusion: This study supports the claims that P. americana leaves could be promising in the development of drugs to combat human diseases especially those of fungal and bacterial origin.
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