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Electromagnetic field exposure levels of people living in the closest houses to the GSM transmitting antennas were investigated in a city between 2010 and 2012. At the end of 3-year period, trend of the electromagnetic exposure levels was determined especially for indoor/outdoor environments near the base station antennas. Because of increasing number of base stations by years and changing of the technology, it is determined that average electromagnetic exposure values in the city increased in a certain extent each year. Total and frequency selective measurements were performed in indoor/outdoor places. The results were compared by International ICNIRP limits. In addition, possibility of the compliance with some European countries which have applied low limit values are discussed to minimize involuntary exposure to electromagnetic fields at indoor/outdoor environments. Consequently, a suggestion is made and discussed for obtaining relatively homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field exposure at indoor/outdoor environments near base station antennas to eliminate extent values.

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Propagation through a sparse distribution of lossy particles in a cloud is investigated. Using a discrete modelling technique, a mathematical model to aid in the interpretation of the interaction data obtained by electromagnetic probing of mixed ice crystals and waterdrop clouds is developed. Such clouds can contain many possible crystal forms, most notably thin long cylinders and flat plate crystals. The present work is a simulation of the theoretical aspects of this problem. The attenuation, phase, bistatic scattering patterns and emissivity are computed for waves of selected polarizations passing through clouds with specified sizes, shape and distributions. The results are compared with the literature and good agreement is obtained.

Our environment is full of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation due to rapid progress of wireless communication technologies, which have many applications, such as base stations of mobile communication networks and wireless internet antennas. In the context of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) discipline, the word shield is used to describe any sort of metal sheet or material capable of reflecting, refracting or absorbing electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is custom manufactured for the target electronic device casing, in a way to intervene any radiation passing to and from the device. Examining of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) is an important part of not only ensuring electromagnetic compatibility and of protecting electrical and electronic equipment but also protection of human beings against electromagnetic energy exposure as well. In this study, after a brief introduction and review on electromagnetic shielding, material selection and their applications for an indoor environment protection against electromagnetic radiation are explained. Potential electromagnetic shielding values of fabrics found in the market have been analyzed and compared by considering various criteria and requirements. Experimental results show that around 20 dB shielding effectiveness values can be obtained using test fabrics for a typical indoor environment.