Injectable extended-release naltrexone (XRNTX) presents an effective therapeutic strategy for opioid addiction, however its utility could be hampered by poor adherence. To gain a better insight into this phenomenon, we utilized blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with a validated cue-induced craving procedure to examine neural correlates of XRNTX adherence. We operationalized treatment adherence as the number of monthly XRNTX injections (range: 0–3) administered to a group of fully detoxified heroin-dependent subjects (n=32). Additional outcomes included urine toxicology screening and self-reported tobacco use. The presented heroin-related visual cues reliably elicited heroin craving in all tested subjects. Nine, five, three and 15 of the participants, respectively, received zero, one, two and three XRNTX injections, predicted by the individual baseline fMRI signal change in response to the cues in the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in inhibitory self-control and emotional appraisal. The incidence of opioid-positive urines during the XRNTX therapy was low and remained about half the pre-treatment rate after the XRNTX ended. During the treatment, cigarette smoking behaviors followed patterns of opioid use, while cocaine consumption was increased with reductions in opioid use. The present data support the hypothesis that medial prefrontal cortex functions are involved in adherence to opioid antagonist therapy. A potential role of concurrent non-opioid addictive substances consumption during the XRNTX pharmacotherapy warrants further investigation. Our findings set the stage for further bio-behavioral investigations of the mechanisms of relapse prevention in opioid dependence.

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Prior research had shown that alcohol and drug abuse treatments were effective and that the results of treatments could be predicted from pretreatment information regarding the patient's employment, family, and especially psychiatric problems. However, this research had been conducted entirely with adult male service veterans, largely from lower socioeconomic strata. Three treatment centers were included in the present study to examine these conclusions with other populations containing adolescents, females, and patients from higher socioeconomic strata. Data from the Addiction Severity Index was collected at treatment admission and again at independent follow-up, 6 months later. Results confirmed prior observations. Both alcohol and drug abuse treatments showed substantial improvements in the chemical use problems of their patients and in the important areas of employment, criminal behavior, family relations, and psychological health. As in earlier reports, a global measure of the nature and extent of pretreatment psychiatric problems was the single best predictor of treatment response for both alcoholics and drug-dependent samples.