Woven composite laminates are rapidly replacing unidirectional composite laminates in terms of structural application. Nevertheless, the deformation theory for woven laminate has not been well established compared to unidirectional laminate. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the deformation behavior of woven laminates under uniaxial tension using both the experimental and numerical approaches. The tensile tests were conducted initially according to ASTM D3039 on samples made of 2×2 twill weave carbon fiber prepeg in order to attain the material constants (E1, E2, G12 and ʋ12) and the deformation behavior from the stress-strain curve. This is important as the material parameters and values should be input correctly to ensure an accurate numerical analysis. The second stage involves the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS and analytical analysis using MATLAB. The results of extension for both numerical approaches have been compared with reference to the experimental results. The results show that the error is less than 30%. The failure analysis also has been performed to determine mode of failure using ANSYS and MATLAB by employing Maximum Stress failure criterion. The displacements during First Ply Failure (FPF) and Last Ply Failure (LPF) between ANSYS and MATLAB showed good correlation where the percentage difference is less than 1%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the current implemented procedure for unidirectional laminates could be a noble alternative approach to simulate woven laminates under tension accurately.
Silicone rubber biocomposites were prepared with 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% bamboo fiber as reinforcement. The compressive set behavior of the samples was compared between the samples that were tested before and after immersion in water. The compression set values for the samples that were immersed in the water were lower than the samples that were not immersed in the water. The moisture absorption rate of the bamboo-silicone biocomposites (BaSiCs) increased as the bamboo fiber content increased. As the bamboo fiber content in the BaSiCs increased, the impact energy and the deflection at peak load values decreased and increased, respectively. The results from this study showed that the addition of bamboo fiber into silicone rubber composites can substantially affect its compressive strength, moisture absorption, and impact strength. This study provided essential knowledge to the development of BaSiCs for cushioning applications, such as shoe insoles.
This study was carried out to introduce newly developed silicone-biocomposite materials, of Curcuma longa-silicone biocomposite; and assess its tensile properties of using the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic constitutive equation. The specimens were prepared from the mix of Curcuma longa fiber and pure silicone at various fiber composition (0 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 8 wt.%, and 12 wt.%). A uniaxial tensile test was carried out by adopting the ASTM D412 testing standard. The Neo-Hookean model was employed to obtain the material constant, C1 value. Results obtained indicate that the incorporation of Curcuma longa fiber improves the stiffness of the silicone biocomposite as can be seen from the increase of the tensile modulus, while marginally decreasing its tensile strength. The material elastic constant, C1 of silicone reinforced with Curcuma longa was then predicted by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The regression coefficients obtained by training the neural network are satisfactory, therefore the neural network can be used for predicting the material constant, C1 of the silicone biocomposite. The prediction of ANN generates a better correlation if there are more data set and can be a good fit for predicting the unknown value.
Deflection of a commercial hollow type fishing rod is investigated in this research. The fishing rod of interest is of Abu Garcia brand, made of carbon fibre. Analytical, experimental and numerical approach were performed to assess the bending of the rod under maximum 1.25 kg load located at the tip which represents the rod in pulling. The deflection is defined by longitudinal displacement of each point of guide rings located along the fishing rod. A mathematical model based on basic bending theory of cantilevered beam is formulated to obtain the deflection and then experiment was carried out by immobilizing one end horizontally on the wall and applying at tip force. The final position of the rings was marked, and the displacements were recorded. Finite element model was developed as an isotropic and elastic material via ANSYS software. Results from all approach were compared and it was found that analytical and numerical able to predict a similar trend of bending behaviour. However, large discrepancies were observed in the experimental curves due to several reasons.
A study was conducted to explore the effect of palm oil boiler ash (POBA) on foamed concrete by varying the percentage of POBA over sand quantities (0, 4, 8 and 12%). This paper primarily discusses the water absorption test, uniaxial compressive strength, and dry density findings. It indicates that substituting sand with POBA greatly enhances the strength of foamed concrete. When the quantity of POBA was raised up to 12% throughout all curing times, the compressive strength steadily increased in the range of 4.34–13.50 N·mm–2. Furthermore, the dry density of foamed concrete was shown to be directly related to the fraction of POBA in the mixture. The dry density of foamed concrete increases as the amount of POBA increases. Despite this, water absorption shown that increasing POBA increases water absorption percentage in foamed concrete from 7.4 to 10.4%. This is due to the fact that a composition with a high POBA percentage will generate more pores than a mixture with a low POBA percentage.
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