BACKGROUND:Soil Transmitted Helminth infection is one of most prevalent health problems worldwide, especially in environments with poor sanitation. Based on World Health Organisation (WHO) data, more than 2 billion people, or 24% of the world’s population, are infected with intestinal parasite. The highest prevalence is located in areas of poor sanitation and unsafe water supplies. In Indonesia, the prevalence of parasite infections is 15% of the entire population.AIM:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Soil Transmitted Helminth infection on levels of eosinophils among primary school children. In addition, this study also aimed to determine the prevalence of different types of worm infections and the levels of eosinophils in children infected with worms.MATERIAL AND METHODS:This study was analytic observational using a cross-sectional method. The sampling technique was consecutive and in total 132 samples was obtained. The study involved primary school children in Amplas Medan and Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang through May to October 2016. Univariate analysis was performed to determine STH infection prevalence and bivariate analysis was used to find the correlation between STH infection and eosinophil levels through a Chi square (χ2) test.RESULTS:The results showed that the prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth was 7.6%. The most common types of STH infection were 3.8% with Trichuris trichiura and 3% with Ascaris lumbricoides. A significant correlation was found between Parasite infection and eosinophil levels (Contingency Coefficient (C) = 0.2, χ2 = 5.3, p = 0.021) and the risk of STH infection that caused eosinophilia or increased eosinophil levels in the children with a Prevalence Ratio (PR) of 1.56 (Confidence Interval (CI) 95%: 1.10-2.22).CONCLUSION:It is recommended that schools at similar risk improve and maintain hygiene and healthy behaviour in the school environment and that parents and teachers pay greater attention to the cleanliness of their children.
Soil-transmitted helminth is still prevalent among developing region population consisting of three helminthic species infection, Ascariasis, hookworm, and Trichuriasis. Poor personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation, low social economy, and population density are associated with the infection. Our study aimed to determine any significance among purposed risk factor of STH infection. This study was an analytical survey with cross sectional design. The number of samples is 39 student of 101747 Public Elementary School located in Klumpang Kebun Street, Klumpang Kebun Village, Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang who are determined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and socio-economic was obtained by filling in the questionnaire. STH infections data was examined by the Kato-Katz method. Thus, bivariate statistical analysis is established to view the risk factors that play a role in the transmission of STH. Among 39 school age children studied, an overall STH prevalence of 25.6% was found. Questionnaires showed good personal hygiene 74.4%, good environment 77% and high income 53.8%. Also, bivariate analysis showed the strong relationship between the STH risk factor and its infections consisting of personal hygiene (p = 0.000, 95% CI 3.762 - 181.066) and environmental sanitation (p = 0.000, 95% CI 4.367 - 206.071). The significant association of proposed risk factor and STH infection must have led to a specific intervention performed by any official institution including government.
BACKGROUND:The latest estimates indicate that more than 2 billion people worldwide are infected by Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). The burden of STH infection is mainly attributed to the chronic effect on health and quality of life of those infected. It is also contributed to micronutrient deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anaemia. The prevalence of worm infection in Public Primary School students in Medan was quite high (40.3%), and 33.3% was anaemic in the latest study.AIM:To determine the correlation between STH infection with serum iron (SI) level on primary school children, as well as to determine the prevalence of SI level and worm infection, and the type of worm that infects the most of them.METHODS:This study was conducted in the cross-sectional method. Consecutive sampling technique was used and a total of 132 students age 8-12 years old were included. The study took places in Public Primary School 060925 Amplas, Medan and 101747 Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang throughout May-October 2016. Fisher Exact test was used to analyse the correlation between STH infection and SI level.RESULTS:The prevalence of STH infection was 7.6%, and low SI was 11.4%.CONCLUSION:There was no significant correlation between STH infection and SI level (P = 0.317). The prevalence of low SI level was not significantly dependent on STH infection (RP = 1.877, 95% CI = 0.481-7.181).
BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The -597G/A is one of IL-6 gene polymorphisms that are associated with the T2DM risk. AIM: This study aimed to observe the polymorphism in IL-6-597 G/A gene and their levels on type 2 diabetic patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IL-6 -597 G/A gene polymorphisms and levels were done in 80 type 2 diabetic patients. The levels of IL-6 were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Analysis of IL-6-597 G/A gene polymorphism was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The PCR products were cut by FokI restriction enzyme and then visualized with 4% agarose. RESULTS: This study showed that the genotype frequency of GG and GA was 97.5 % and 2.5 %, respectively; however, no A/A genotype shown in this population. IL-6 levels were higher in GG genotype group compare to GA+AA genotype group, with the association were significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that GG genotype was common genotype in the IL-6-597 G/A gene polymorphism and the polymorphism was significantly with the IL-6 levels.
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