Aim: To evaluate clinical and biochemical effects of adjunctive systemic folic acid (FA) intake with scaling and root planing (SRP) in periodontitis treatment. Materials and methods: Sixty periodontitis subjects (30 per group) were randomly assigned into study groups and treated with either SRP + placebo (SRP + P) or SRP + folic acid (SRP + F). In addition to clinical parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], probing pocket depth [PPD], clinical attachment level [CAL] and gingival recession [GR]), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained at baseline and post-treatment (PT) periods (one (PT-1), three (PT-3) and six (PT-6) months) for C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) evaluation.Results: Significant time-dependent reduction was detected at all clinical parameters for both groups (p < .001). Compared to SRP + P, CAL was lower in SRP + F at PT-1 (p = .004) and PT-3 (p = .035), whereas GR was lower at only PT-1 (p = .015). GCF volume and CRP did not show inter-group differences, whereas Hcy was higher in SRP + F at PT-3 (p = .044) and PT-6 (p = .041). GCF volume and Hcy showed reduction after treatment in both groups (p < .001). Conclusion: Both modalities exhibited clinical improvement and change in biochemical parameters. Adjunctive systemic FA intake may be recommended adjunctive to periodontitis treatment to reveal better outcomes. However, its impact mechanisms should be further enlightened. K E Y W O R D S C-reactive protein, folic acid, gingival crevicular fluid, homocysteine, periodontal treatment, periodontitis | 603 KECELI Et aL.

Objective:In general, chemical plaque agents have been used in mouthwashes, gels, and dentifrices. In some situations, application of mouthwashes and dentifrices can be difficult. Therefore, different approaches for oral health-care have been needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis chewing-gum compared to propolis-containing mouthwash on gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation on patients that refrained from daily oral hygiene procedures for 5 days.Materials and Methods:10 college students with systemically healthy and very good oral hygiene and gingival health were included in this randomized, single-blind, crossover 5-day plaque regrowth with a 3-day washout period clinical study. After plaque scores were reduced to zero, participants were asked to refrain from oral hygiene procedures and allocated to either propolis mouthwash or chewing-gum group. Chewing-gum was performed after meals 3 times a day for 20 min mouthwash group was instructed to rinse mouthwash 2 times a day for 1 min. On day 5, the clinical periodontal measurements containing plaque and gingival indexes were taken from the participants.Results:The both plaque and gingival indexes of propolis mouthwash group were significantly lower than that of the propolis chewing-gum group (P = 0.005).Conclusion:It was demonstrated that the propolis mouthwash was more effective than the propolis chewing gum on the plaque inhibition and the gingival inflammation.

Objective To test the surface properties and in vitro effects of a new sequential release system on MC3T3‐E1 cells for improved osseointegration. Background BMP6‐loaded anodized titanium coated with PDGF containing silk fibroin (SF) may improve osseointegration. Methods Titanium surfaces were electrochemically anodized, and SF layer was covered via electrospinning. Five experimental groups (unanodized Ti (Ti), anodized Ti (AnTi), anodized + BMP6‐loaded Ti (AnTi‐BMP6), anodized + BMP6 loaded + silk fibroin‐coated Ti (AnTi‐BMP6‐SF), and anodized + BMP6‐loaded + silk fibroin with PDGF‐coated Ti (AnTi‐BMP6‐PDGF‐SF)) were tested. After SEM characterization, contact angle analysis, and FTIR analysis, the amount of released PDGF and BMP6 was detected using ELISA. Cell proliferation (XTT), mineralization, and gene expression (RUNX2 and ALPL) were also evaluated. Results After successful anodization and loading of PDGF and BMP6, contact angle measurements showed hydrophobicity for TiO2 and hydrophilicity for protein‐adsorbed surfaces. In FTIR, protein‐containing surfaces exhibited amide‐I, amide‐II, and amide‐III bands at 1600 cm‐1‐1700 cm‐1, 1520 cm‐1‐1540 cm‐1, and 1220 cm‐1‐1300 cm‐1 spectrum levels with a significant peak in BMP6‐ and/or SF‐loaded groups at 1100 cm‐1. PDGF release and BMP6 release were delayed, and relatively slower release was detected in SF‐coated surfaces. Higher MC3T3‐E1 proliferation and mineralization and lower gene expression of RUNX2 and ALPL were detected in AnTi‐BMP6‐PDGF‐SF toward day 28. Conclusion The new system revealed a high potential for an improved early osseointegration period by means of a better factor release curve and contribution to the osteoblastic cell proliferation, mineralization, and associated gene expression.

Background To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic tablets on the clinical and biochemical parameters of smokers and non‐smokers with gingivitis. Methods Eighty patients with gingivitis [40 smokers (+), 40 non‐smokers (−)] were randomly assigned to test (T) or control (C) groups. Four groups were defined: T(+), T(−), C(+) and C(−). The subjects daily chewed a synbiotic or placebo tablet for 30 days. The gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐10 were determined as the primary outcome variables. Results The clinical and biochemical parameters for all groups significantly reduced compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). While there were no significant differences between the groups for gingival index, the plaque index was significantly higher in both smoker groups than that in the T(−) group during the second month (P < 0.05). IL‐8 levels in C(−) and IL‐6 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(+) group. The IL‐10 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(−) group during the second month (P < 0.05). Conclusions Adjunctive synbiotic tablets significantly reduce subclinical therapeutic outcomes for both smokers and non‐smokers compared with placebo according to the biochemical parameters.

The aim of this study was to identify probable intermediate biomarkers of disturbed pathways and their link between smoking. Methods Un-stimulated whole saliva and serum samples were collected from a total of 30 systemically healthy participants with periodontally healthy smokers (S) (n=15) and nonsmokers (n=15). Periodontal indices (plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level) were recorded to confirm periodontal health. Saliva was purified, and a total of 28 amino acids and metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Smoking status was validated measuring serum cotinine levels. Intergroup comparisons were assessed using the Mann Whitney U test. Results When 28 amino acids were evaluated, smokers had statistically significantly higher cystathionine levels than non-smokers (p <0.05). Conclusions Saliva cystathionine is associated with smoking in periodontally healthy individuals, and is possibly related to altered sulfuration pathway.