This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of dried extract of Averrhoa bilimbi and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Dried extracts leaves powder of A. bilimbi were analysed for its physicochemical properties and mineral compositions. The antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of extracts were determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disc diffusion method respectively. The functional groups from active compounds were identified by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Physicochemical characteristics of A. bilimbi dried extracts, including pH and total acids dissolved in water and ethanol solvents, showed negligible differences. The dried leaves powder of A. bilimbi was rich in carbohydrate, protein, and ash contents. It also exhibited essential minerals in which potassium was the highest content. Compared to water, ethanol extract showed more scavenging property against DPPH (82.82 mg GAE/ g DW) and gave a more inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The FTIR spectra showed phenolic compounds might be associated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this extract. A. Bilimbi leaves are promising a source for the development of functional food to prevent diseases related to stress oxidative and bacterial infections.
Fish is an animal food with a high protein source that has many health benefits. On the other hand, sago has high carbohydrates so it has the opportunity as a substitute food ingredient, but it has low protein. To overcome this, an enrichment of protein by adding fish protein. The research aims to determine the effect of adding anchovies fish meal in improving the quality of noodles made from sago. Sago noodle quality was evaluated through nutritional composition analysis and sensory properties. Protein content (1.31-4.06%) of anchovies fish meal-added noodle samples was very high, so that it had a significantly different effect than the control (p<0.05). Ash and calcium content showed the highest value in the 7% anchovies fish meal noodle which is 3.58% and 670.39 mg, respectively. The sensory properties quality of aroma noodles was 4.50, and taste 4.30.
In the production of gluten-free noodles by using a single screw extruder, cooking is done at two consecutive stages. Initially, the dough of gluten-free formula is steamed manually at certain times and temperatures. During extrusion, the pre-cooked dough is re-cooked inside the extruder barrel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties of gluten-free noodle (color, texture profile) produced from different production batches (batch 1 to 6) of two different single screw extruders (A: capacity 24 kg/hr, B: capacity 12 kg/hr) by using a single factor completely random design. The results showed that steaming process in batch cause intermitten time for extrusion and affected some non-uniform properties of the gluten-free noodles produced by the two extruders. The two extruders produced noodles with distinctive properties. The noodles from extruder A exhibited the hardness (average 26,925.14 ± 2,355.74gf) and adhesiveness (-7.66 ± 6.41 gs). The noodles of extruder B showed the elongation (157.91 ± 39.67%) and cohesiveness (0.91 ± 0.02).
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