Multimedia content analysis is applied in different real-world computer vision applications, and digital images constitute a major part of multimedia data. In last few years, the complexity of multimedia contents, especially the images, has grown exponentially, and on daily basis, more than millions of images are uploaded at different archives such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. To search for a relevant image from an archive is a challenging research problem for computer vision research community. Most of the search engines retrieve images on the basis of traditional text-based approaches that rely on captions and metadata. In the last two decades, extensive research is reported for content-based image retrieval (CBIR), image classification, and analysis. In CBIR and image classification-based models, high-level image visuals are represented in the form of feature vectors that consists of numerical values. The research shows that there is a significant gap between image feature representation and human visual understanding. Due to this reason, the research presented in this area is focused to reduce the semantic gap between the image feature representation and human visual understanding. In this paper, we aim to present a comprehensive review of the recent development in the area of CBIR and image representation. We analyzed the main aspects of various image retrieval and image representation models from low-level feature extraction to recent semantic deep-learning approaches. The important concepts and major research studies based on CBIR and image representation are discussed in detail, and future research directions are concluded to inspire further research in this area.
With the recent evolution of technology, the number of image archives has increased exponentially. In Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), high-level visual information is represented in the form of low-level features. The semantic gap between the low-level features and the high-level image concepts is an open research problem. In this paper, we present a novel visual words integration of Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). The two local features representations are selected for image retrieval because SIFT is more robust to the change in scale and rotation, while SURF is robust to changes in illumination. The visual words integration of SIFT and SURF adds the robustness of both features to image retrieval. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons conducted on Corel-1000, Corel-1500, Corel-2000, Oliva and Torralba and Ground Truth image benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed visual words integration.
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