Summary MATERlALS AND METHODSTotal peripheral blood flow and blood flow through the skin and A group of 62 newborn infants with birth weights ~3500 g who muscle were measured in the calf with an electrocapacitance were clinically well were selected for blood flow measurements. plethysmograph with counter pressure in a group of 62 "well" Total peripheral blood flow and blood flow through the skin and newborn infants (birth weight, ~3 5 0 0 g). Blood pressure in the muscle were measured in the calf with an electrocapacitance contralateral leg was measured with an Arteriosonde 1010, and plethysmograph with local counterpressure as described by Hyperipheral vascular resistance was calculated as mean blood pres-man et al. (9,10). Modifications were made in the size of the sure (mm Hg) divided by blood flow (ml per 100 ml tissue per min). pressure cuffs in the arterial, venous, and counterpressure systemThe results show that total peripheral blood flow and blood flow to adapt it for use in the premature infant as described previously through the skin and muscle correlated inversely with increasing by Wu et al. (21). The infants were placed in an incubator with birth weight and gestational age. Postnatally, total blood flow and servo control (model. Isolette-C86) to maintain abdominal skin blood flow through the skin and muscle decreased gradually during temperature at 36.5OC. Contralateral calf skin temperature was the first 7 days of life and in the rest of the neonatal period. measured with a Yellow Spring thermometer. Blood flow meaPeripheral vascular resistance and resistance in the skin and surements were made with infant at "rest" 0.5 to 1.5 hr after a muscle correlated directly with increasing birth weight and gesta-feed (21). tional age. Postnatally, peripheral vascular resistance and resistBlood pressure in the contralateral leg was measured with an ance in the skin and muscle increased during the first 7 days of Arteriosonde 1010 Ultrasonic Blood Pressure machine just before life and the neonatal period.the blood flow measurements. Peripheral vascular resistance was expressed in "resistance units" and calculated as mean blood Speculation pressure (mm Hg) divided by blood flow (ml per 100 ml tissue per min). The lower peripheral vascular resistance and h~p e~a s c u l a r i t~ Daily measurements were made during the first wk of life. In in the skin of immature infants account for higher peripheral blood addition, 18 infants (mean birth weight, 1450.3 * 178.9 6; mean flow in these infants. The associated increment in peripheral gestational age, 32 * 1.9 wk) were followed at weekly intervals to vascular resistance account for the gradual decrement in periph-determine changes in blood flow with postnatal age. era1 blood flow with advancing maturity and postnatal age. Differences in change of total peripheral blood flow and blood flow in STATlSTICAL METHODOLOGY the skin and muscle in relation to change in state, environment, and biochemical alterations need to be studied.The data were analyzed on the University o...

ExtractT h e electrocapacitance plethysmograph with local counterpressure was adapted for measurement of total blood flow and blood flow through the muscle and skin in 20 icteric preterm infants. Measurements were recorded from each infant, before and during phototherapy. In 10 infants in study I, the incubator was set to maintain skin temperature of 36.5" initially and during phototherapy and no attempt was made to alter the incubator settings. Total blood flow was found to increase by a mean of 116% due primarily to increased skin blood flow (224%) and to a lesser extent, muscle blood flow (35%). Concomitant increases in heart rate, respiration rate, skin and incubator temperature were found, but no change was observed in rectal temFerature. I n 10 infants in study 11, the skin temperature was kept constant at 36.5" before and during phototherapy by adjustment of incubator temperature. Significant increases, but of lesser magnitude, were observed in skin (52%) and total blood flow (37y0), whereas muscle blood flow remained unchanged. Rectal temperature fell by a mean of 0.6' and respiration rate and heart rate remained unchanged.

Background Palliative care program structure is important to integrating palliative services into cancer care. A first step in understanding the structure of palliative care programs is to survey existing programs. Method This data was generated from members of MASCC, the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) who completed the surveys on the website. A survey questionnaire was developed using the survey tool developed by Dr. Hui and colleagues by permission which was modified for the purposes of this study. Findings were described in number and percentages. Inferential statistics involved the Fisher's exact test for factors with two levels, chi-Square test for unordered categorical factors with greater than two levels, CochranArmitage trend test for ordered categorical factors, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for measured factors.