The use of deep seawater (DSW) in thalassotherapy has begun in Japan. To clarify the health effects of DSW on the human body, we investigated the changes in plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations, or subjective judgment scores, after bathing at rest in 9 healthy young men. Subjects were immersed for 10 minutes in DSW, surface seawater (SSW), and tap water (TW) heated to 42 degrees C. Plasma samples were collected before bathing, immediately after bathing, and 60 minutes after bathing. The scores were obtained by an oral comprehension test. In the DSW bathing, plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations showed no significant changes immediately after bathing or 60 minutes after bathing. In contrast, subjects who bathed in SSW showed a significant decrease in lactate concentrations 60 minutes after bathing compared with immediately after bathing. Subjects who bathed in TW showed a significant increase in lactate concentrations immediately after bathing compared with before bathing, and they showed a significant decrease in lactate and pyruvate concentrations 60 minutes after bathing. We found no significant change in the thermal sensation score in the DSW bathing, though significant differences were found between before and immediately after bathing in the SSW and TW groups. Moreover, the score decreased significantly 60 minutes after bathing compared to immediately after bathing in the TW bathing. Higher concentrations of salts contained DSW such as sodium, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, and silicate-silicon may have a good influence on human health. Although additional studies are needed to support our findings, DSW is the mildest water to the human body among the three kinds of water, since no significant changes in the items measured were found only in DSW.
While normally monitoring the Shinano River water quality, including examinations for mutagenicity, the Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake suddenly occurred on October 23, 2004. However, the influence of this earthquake on the mutagenicity of river water has not yet been well studied. To clarify the regional and seasonal changes in mutagenicity of the Shinano River water, blue rayon was suspended for 24 hrs at 4 sampling sites, once a month from September 2004 through August 2005. Mutagenicity was evaluated by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (TA98) and TA100 with or without metabolic activation by S9 mixture. To detect and identify poly-aromatic hydrocarbons that may be responsible for the mutagenicity of the river water, we analyzed benzo[a]pyrene, benzophenone, 4-nitrotoluene, or other compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and total ion chromatogram spectra. Positive manifestations of TA98 with S9 mixture were observed at the 4 sampling sites throughout the 12-month test, showing a tendency to be higher at the downstream site and in winter. However, the highest mutagenicity was observed in the sample collected at the most upstream sampling site in December 2004, and fluoranthene or pyrene consisting mainly in coal tar was detected only in the samples collected in December 2004. Although benzo[a]pyrene, benzophenone, and 4-nitrotoluene were below the detection limits, non-mutagens such as aliphatic hydrocarbons or esters were frequently detected. Our findings indicate that either fluoranthene or pyrene was mainly responsible for the mutagenicity of the river water in December 2004, suggesting the possibility of oil contamination caused by the Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake.the Shinano River water; mutagenicity; the Ames test; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; total ion chromatogram spectra
S., MAGARA, J. and YAMAMOTO, M. Co-Mutagenic Activity of Phenoxyherbicides MCPA-and MCPB-Ethylester in the Ames Assay. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1990, 160 (2), [167][168] Mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity of MCPA-and MCPB-ethylester were examined in the Ames assay. It was found that they enhance the mutagenic action of 2-aminoanthracene in the Ames assay, although they were not mutagenic.phenoxyherbicides ; MCPA-and MCPB-ethylester ; Ames assayIn spite of the extensive use of the phenoxyherbicides, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid ethylester (MCPA-E) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxybutyric acid ethylester (MCPB-E), in the paddy field in Japan, little has been known about the long-term effects of these compounds from the point of view of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in humans. In order to know the genetic effects of these compounds, we have already tested the action of MCPA-E in the rec assay and found that it is co-mutagenic, i.e., it amplified the growth inhibition originally induced by mitomycin C in the rec assay (Yamamoto et al. 1988). In the present study, we further investigated its co-mutagenicity using Ames assay. In addition we investigated the co-mutagenicity of structurally similar chemical, MCPB-E, in the same test system.MCPA-E and MCPB-E were extracted with dichloromethane from the commercial products, perchased from Nissan Chemical Industry, Ltd.(Tokyo). Purities of MCPA-E and MCPB-E were about 96% and 98%, respectively, based on electron capture detector gas chromatography. These chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.The Ames assay was done according to a preincubation method described by Yahagi et al. (1977) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA98 with or without S9 mix. The testing was made with duplicate plates, and MCPA-E and MCPB-E were tested in seven doses without toxic effect. The dose ranges of MCPA-E and MCPB-E were 2.89-185 and 4.06-260 in ,ug/plate in the system with S9 mix, 0.0452-2.89 and 0.0317-2.03 pg plate in the system without S9 mix, respectively. Mutagenicity of 2pg/2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) per plate was determined in the presence of MCPA-E or MCPB-E at the varrious doses with S9
We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for free fatty acids (FFAs) analysis in bile. In this method, FFAs were extracted from bile in a single step using an Isolute ODS cartridge, derivatized with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM). ADAM was chosen because of its high reactivity with carboxylic acid at room temperature. Then, HPLC was used for separating and quantifying FFAs. This method proved to be simple and time-saving. The mean recovery of FFA added to human gallbladder bile was 97.6%, and the detection limit was 100-250 pg. Using this method, we determined FFA concentrations in the gallbladder bile of 11 gallstone patients. The mean concentration of total FFA was 0.61 (SD = 0.41) mmol/L, and there was wide variation in the individual FFAs.
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