Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic opioid, is considered to have a low abuse potential and is devoid of side effects like drug dependence, liver and kidney toxicity.. The present study was conducted to assess the tramadol addiction effects on both liver and kidney functions among tramadol abusers. A total of 50 male individuals with a tramadol abuse problem were referred to psychiatric clinics in Gaza Strip, along with an age matched normal control. An informed consent was obtained, a questionnaire was filled, blood samples were collected, serum was separated, and tested serologically to detect antibodies to hepatitis A virus, the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, and IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured in the serum. Serum ALT, AST and LDH levels were significantly higher in abuser group compared to the control group. Serum ALP, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, BUN, uric acid and creatinine levels significantly increased in the abusers that were addicted to tramadol for more than 5 years. Our results point out the risk of increased hepatic and renal damage due to a long-term use of tramadol. Although opioids are reported to be effective in pain management, their toxic effects should be kept in mind during the chronic usage. In addition, measures to control the spread of tramadol abuse should be implemented.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threatening problem worldwide, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The dissemination and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is influenced by several factors like inappropriate and unwise use of antibiotics as well as the un-regulated discharge of these antibiotics to the environment. A critical high rates of pathogenic bacteria isolates in Palestine are showing multiple drug resistance patterns. This fact will complicate treatment of patients suffering from bacterial infections. Method:The study performed a review of most published articles on antibiotic resistant bacteria isolates from patients and hospital environment in Gaza strip/Palestine over the period 2002-2021 using Google scholar, Research gate, and PubMed search engines.Results: Out of the 51 articles screened, 29 studies were met the eligibility criteria to be included in this review. The overall results of these studies have shown a high rates of multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacteria especially E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Kebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aerugineosa over the study period. Also, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were also commonly reported among Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions:The high occurrence rates of multidrug resistant bacteria isolates from patients and hospital environment in Gaza/Palestine is alarming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a local plan for containment of antimicrobial resistance by implement antimicrobial stewardship.
Bacterial chemical reactions, such as urea hydrolysis can induce calcium carbonate precipitation. The induced production of calcium carbonate formed by microorganisms has been widely used in environmental and engineering applications. The present study aimed to isolate, identify and optimize growth conditions of urease positive bacteria from urea rich soil in Gaza Strip. Bacterial isolates, which tolerated ≥10% urea concentration, were selected for the investigation. Eight isolates recovered and identified to be spore forming, urease positive, alkaliphile, halotolerant, and presumptively belonged to Bacillus species. All isolates showed best growth at temperature 37°C, and pH 9-9.5. After exposure to UV irradiation, most isolates showed improved tolerance to urea concentration, however, other strains showed a decline in their adaption to urea concentrations. The mutant form of isolate in soil sample #3 showed the highest tolerance to urea concentrations at all exposure intervals, when compared with wild type. Moreover, all isolates precipitated calcium carbonate. The locally recovered isolates are promising contributors in the process of calcite Biomineralizaion and may be utilized in the remediation of concrete cracks, increase of compressive strength of concrete, decrease water permeability, and solve the problems of soil erosions.
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