Mitofusins and Drp1 are key components in mitochondrial membrane fusion and division, but the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of their activities remains to be clarified. Here, we identified human membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH)-V as a novel transmembrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that MARCH-V interacts with mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and ubiquitinated forms of Drp1. Overexpression of MARCH-V promoted the formation of long tubular mitochondria in a manner that depends on MFN2 activity. By contrast, mutations in the RING finger caused fragmentation of mitochondria. We also show that MARCH-V promotes ubiquitination of Drp1. These results indicate that MARCH-V has a crucial role in the control of mitochondrial morphology by regulating MFN2 and Drp1 activities.

Recent studies have suggested that ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins participates in regulating mitochondrial dynamics in mammalian cells, but it is unclear whether deubiquitination is involved in this process. Here, we identify human ubiquitin-specific protease 30 (USP30) as a deubiquitinating enzyme that is embedded in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Depletion of USP30 expression by RNA interference induced elongated and interconnected mitochondria, depending on the activities of the mitochondrial fusion factors mitofusins, without changing the expression levels of the key regulators for mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondria were rescued from this abnormal phenotype by ectopic expression of USP30 in a manner dependent on its enzymatic activity. Our findings reveal that USP30 participates in the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology, a finding that provides new insight into the cellular function of deubiquitination.

Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) is a recently identified member of the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligase family, some members of which down-regulate the expression of immune recognition molecules. Here, we have identified MARCH-II, which is ubiquitously expressed and localized to endosomal vesicles and the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding studies established that MARCH-II directly associates with syntaxin 6. Overexpression of MARCH-II resulted in redistribution of syntaxin 6 as well as some syntaxin-6 -interacting soluble N-ethylmaleimidesensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) into the MARCH-II-positive vesicles. In addition, the retrograde transport of TGN38 and a chimeric version of furin to trans-Golgi network (TGN) was perturbed-without affecting the endocytic degradative and biosynthetic secretory pathways-similar to effects caused by a syntaxin 6 mutant lacking the transmembrane domain. MARCH-II overexpression markedly reduced the cell surface expression of transferrin (Tf) receptor and Tf uptake and interfered with delivery of internalized Tf to perinuclear recycling endosomes. Depletion of MARCH-II by small interfering RNA perturbed the TGN localization of syntaxin 6 and TGN38/46. MARCH-II is thus likely a regulator of trafficking between the TGN and endosomes, which is a novel function for the MARCH family. INTRODUCTIONVesicular traffic between different organelles requires highly regulated docking and fusion of a transport vesicle with a specific target membrane. This process is mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) localized to a specific subcellular compartment along the secretory and endocytic pathways (Jahn and Sü dhof, 1999;Chen and Scheller, 2001;Hay, 2001;Mayer, 2002). Only cognate pairs of SNAREs on transport vesicles (v-SNARE) and on target membranes (t-SNARE) form the SNARE complex through their conserved amphipathic helices (SNARE motifs) and draw two membranes into apposition, allowing membrane fusion to occur Sutton et al., 1998). Syntaxin 6 is a ubiquitously expressed SNARE that localizes to the transGolgi network (TGN) and endosomes (Bock et al., 1996(Bock et al., , 1997. It is comprised of an N-terminal helical domain (H1 domain) followed by a SNARE motif (H2 domain) and a C-terminal membrane anchor (Bock et al., 1996;Misura et al., 2002). Syntaxin 6 is thought to function in multiple membrane-trafficking events because it forms a complex with a varied set of SNAREs: syntaxin 16, Vti1a/Vti1-rp2, and VAMP3/cellubrevin or VAMP4 Steegmaier et al., 1999;Kreykenbohm et al., 2002;Mallard et al., 2002); syntaxin 7, Vti1b, and VAMP7 or VAMP8 (Wade et al., 2001); or SNAP-29/GS32 (Wong et al., 1999). Recent studies have demonstrated that syntaxin 6 plays roles in the early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport (Mallard et al., 2002), maturation of secretory granules (Klumperman et al., 1998;Kuliawat et al., 2004), regulation of GLUT4 trafficking (Perera et al., 2003;Shewan et al., 2003), and neutrophil ex...

A large number of RING finger (RNF) proteins are present in eukaryotic cells and the majority of them are believed to act as E3 ubiquitin ligases. In humans, 49 RNF proteins are predicted to contain transmembrane domains, several of which are specifically localized to membrane compartments in the secretory and endocytic pathways, as well as to mitochondria and peroxisomes. They are thought to be molecular regulators of the organization and integrity of the functions and dynamic architecture of cellular membrane and membranous organelles. Emerging evidence has suggested that transmembrane RNF proteins control the stability, trafficking and activity of proteins that are involved in many aspects of cellular and physiological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mammalian transmembrane RNF proteins, focusing on their roles and significance.

Lung surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins, which is secreted from the alveolar type II epithelial cell and coats the surface of alveoli as a thin layer. It plays a crucial role in the prevention of alveolar collapse through its ability to reduce surface tension. Under normal conditions, surfactant homeostasis is maintained by balancing its release and the uptake by the type II cell for recycling and the internalization by alveolar macrophages for degradation. Little is known about how the surfactant pool is monitored and regulated. Here we show, by an analysis of gene-targeted mice exhibiting massive accumulation of surfactant, that Ig-Hepta/GPR116, an orphan receptor, is expressed on the type II cell and sensing the amount of surfactant by monitoring one of its protein components, surfactant protein D, and its deletion results in a pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and emphysema-like pathology. By a coexpression experiment with Sp-D and the extracellular region of Ig-Hepta/GPR116 followed by immunoprecipitation, we identified Sp-D as the ligand of Ig-Hepta/GPR116. Analyses of surfactant metabolism in Ig-Hepta+/+ and Ig-Hepta−/− mice by using radioactive tracers indicated that the Ig-Hepta/GPR116 signaling system exerts attenuating effects on (i) balanced synthesis of surfactant lipids and proteins and (ii) surfactant secretion, and (iii) a stimulating effect on recycling (uptake) in response to elevated levels of Sp-D in alveolar space.