No abstract

Feed is one of the important factor that affect livestock productivity, so the availability of good quality feed is a requirement for livestock development in an area. In the tropical area, providing forage as a crucial feed for ruminants was hampered by fluctuating seasons. Likewise, the availability of agricultural waste as an alternative source of feed material experiences the same constraints, easily damaged, and bulky (voluminous). Therefore, feed processing technology is needed so that it is become durable, easily stored, and easily provided for livestock. One way to overcome this is to utilize technology for making wafers. Information regarding technology for making animal feed wafers in Indonesia is still limited. This paper reviews a number of studies that discuss the development of wafer processing technology, types of wafers, the main components of wafer compilers, wafer manufacturing processes, reactions that occur during wafer manufacturing, nutrient quality of various wafers, and the results of research on the use of wafers for feed livestock. Wafers are feeds that are processed using heat and pressure, so that a solid, compact, and high density product is formed. Feed wafer technology is a modification of cube and block feed. Wafers are divided into feed wafers, feed supplement wafers, and complete feed wafers. Feed wafers can be used instead of concentrates. Feed supplement wafers are high in energy and protein. Complete feed wafers contain energy, protein, fiber, and complete minerals that have been adapted to the daily nutritional needs of livestock. Feed wafer processing technology can be one of the strategies to provide feed with a constant composition of nutrients throughout the season and increase production and feed efficiency.

Black seed or black cumin has the scientific name Nigella sativa (NS) is an herbal plant that is widely used to treat various diseases. The extraction of oil from NS seeds produces a byproduct called NS waste. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of products and NS waste produced by the cold press method. Analysis of physical properties was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The thymoquinone test was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The moisture content of seed and NS waste were 6.21 and 7.91%, respectively. The crude protein content in NS seeds and waste reached 19.34 and 27.78% and crude fat contents were 23.99 and 16.93%. The TQ content in NS seeds, oil, and waste were 1680, 2701, and 350 ppm, respectively. Other active compounds in NS seeds are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and glycosides. Extraction rate of NS using cold press method is 34.46% and produces NS oil products and waste with the desired physicochemical properties, so the product can be used as material for the pharmaceutical purposes.

The process of transportation of animals from one to another area can lead to stress. Animals tend to reduce feed intake which then affects animal performance, so palatable feed is needed, with high energy content, and can speed up the body weight recovery process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of logistic feed (mash, silage, pellet, and wafer) compared with conventional feed on physiological parameters, blood metabolite profiles, and body weight recovery of tropical sheep pasca transportation. This study used Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 6 replications using 30 male local sheep: P 0 = conventional feed (100% forage), P 1: Mash, P 2: Silage, P 3: Pellet, P 4: Wafer. The logistic feed has a significant effect on dry matter, crude protein and ether extract intake, blood glucose level, leukocytes lymphocyte, Neutrophil and Lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, and basophil level in sheep blood, total body weight gain, feed efficiency, and income over feed cost (P<0.05). A logistic feed can accelerate the increase in the body weight recovery process of sheep pasca transportation. Moreover, the provision of logistic feed in the form of silage resulted in the highest feed efficiency and income over feed costs.

Nigella Sativa Meal (NSM) as a byproduct from Nigella sativa oil production contains high crude protein, but it is easily converts into ammonia (NH3-N) in the rumen. The processing of feed containing NSM into mash, pellet and wafer forms is expected to optimize the use of NSM as a protein source in feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feed containing Nigella Sativa Meal (NSM) feeding in three different form song rowth performance, serum biochemical and hematological parameters of lamb. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatments of feed forms: Mash (M), Pellet (P) and Wafer (W)and 5 replications. The concentrations of NSM in the rations were 20% with the same formulation in all treatments. The forage to concentrate ratio was 30:70. The results showed that different forms of feed has significant effect on crude protein and crude fiber intake, blood triglycerides and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration (p<0.05). Feed in mash form resulted in higher body weight gain compared to other treatments with the average daily weight gain of mash (120.96 g), pellet (117.23 g) and wafer (119.80 g). Feed in pellet form produced better feed efficiency compared to other treatments, with an average efficiency of pellet (9.89%), wafer (9.46%) and mash (8.71%).