Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, PCa recurrence and progression rates during ADT are high. Until now, there has been no evidence regarding when progression begins. This study evaluated the gene expression of intraprostatic androgen receptor (AR) and steroidogenic enzymes in the early stages of ADT. Methods: Prostate tissue samples were taken from PCa patients with urinary retention who received ADT (ADT-PCa; n = 10) and were further subgrouped into ADT ≤12 months (n = 4) and ADT > 12 months (n = 6). The ADT-PCa tissues were then compared with BPH (n = 12) and primary (no treatment) PCa tissues (n = 16). mRNA for gene expression analysis of AR and steroidogenic enzymes was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues and analyzed by real-time PCR. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. Results: AR gene expression was higher in the ADT-PCa group than in the BPH or primary PCa group. Both the ADT ≤12 and > 12 months subgroups had significantly higher relative gene expression levels of AR (p < 0.01 and 0.03, respectively) than the primary PCa group. In the ADT-PCa group, AR protein expression showed an increasing trend in the ADT ≤12 months subgroup and was significantly elevated in the ADT > 12 months subgroup compared with the PCa group (100%; p < 0.01). Half (50%) of the patients in the ADT ≤12 months subgroup were found to have upregulation of AR, and one showed upregulation beginning at 3 months of ADT. A trend toward elevated relative gene expression of SRD5A3 was also apparent in the ADT groups. Conclusion: AR and steroidogenic enzymes are upregulated in ADT-PCa patients as early as 3 months, without PSA elevation. Steroidogenic enzymes, particularly SRD5A3, were also upregulated before PSA rose.

ABSTRAKSekolah merupakan wahana pendidikan yang tepat untuk melakukan promosi kesehatan reproduksi remaja, dalam rangka mendukung program pemerintah yang bertajuk pelayanan kesehatan peduli remaja (PKPR). Pondok Pesantren Daarul Ukhuwwah Putri Malang merupakan salah satu sekolah yang berbasis pesantren yang mendidik remaja putri usia 12-18 tahun. Remaja merupakan masa pencarian identitas diri, yang memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang sangat tinggi.Informasi yang berimbang sangat dibutuhkan remaja dalam menjalani masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, khususnya terkait kesehatan reproduksi.Teknologi informasi memberikan kontribusi pada tahap perkembangan ini, sehingga memiliki dampak positif maupun negatif.Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah (1) Meningkatkan pengatahuan tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja, (2) Pembentukankelas remaja sehat, dan (3) Membuat program kerja kelas remaja.Sasaran pembentukan kelas remaja adalah remaja putri (santri) yang berjumlah 10 orang yang disebut denganvolunteeratau kader kesehatan remaja.Metode kegiatan berupa branstroming, focus group discussion dan ceramah. Kegiatan ini dilakukan sebanyak5 (lima) kali kegiatan yang membahas dan mendiskusikan tentang kesehatan reproduksi.Voluneteer diharapkan dapat memandu teman-temannya dalam memperoleh informasi yang benar tentang kesehatan reproduksi.Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi sebanyak 25.6% setelah dilakukan pembinanaan kelas remaja.Untuk keberlanjutan kelas remaja, maka dibuat program kerja kelas remaja sehat di pondok pesantren, dengan kegiatan berkala mingguan, bulanan dan tahunan. Kegiatan ini akan dilaksanakan oleh volunteer di bawah binaan guru atau ustadzah Pembina kelas remaja sehat di pondok pesantren. ABSTRACT School is a primary place for doing health promotion especially about teenage reproduction in order to support government program which is Pelayanan Kesehatan Peduli Remaja (PKPR). DaarulUkhuwwah Dormitory School is one of dormitory school for teenager age 12-18 years old. Teenager usually tried to find their identity in this age. They are in high curiosity. Balance information is needed for teenager for their growth and development especially about health reproduction. Information and technology gave negative and positive impact for teenager. Making a discussion group in health might give positive impact for teenager. The purpose of this activity were (1) increase adolescence knowledge about reproduction health (2) making adolescence group(3) making work programs for adolescence group. The target was female adolescence called "volunteer" about 10 persons. The method were brainstorming, focus groupdiscussionand lecture. The volunteer had been educated 5 times by discussing about health reproduction. We hope that Volunteer would guide their friend in looking for right information about health reproduction. There was increasing of teenage's knowledge in healthreproduction about 25,6%. For continuity, it has been made a program named health adolescence group at school with continue activity in health. This...

Poor public health information is a hurdle in infectious disease control. The study aims to examine whether healthcare workers adhere to hand hygiene and mask-wearing guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their exposure to misinformation about the pandemic as a predictor. A cross-sectional survey was sent to 518 healthcare workers across Indonesia, the fourth largest nation in the world, in September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents reported whether they adhered to the guidelines of hand hygiene and mask wearing and whether they believed in four pieces of misinformation about the origin, severity, contagion, and prevention of COVID-19. The association between misinformation and hand hygiene and mask wearing was tested with logistic regression models controlling for demographic and health-related covariates. Approximately 25% of healthcare workers did not always adhere to hand hygiene guidelines and approximately 5% did not adhere to mask-wearing guidelines. There are significant associations between all four pieces of misinformation and hand hygiene and mask wearing. It is important to improve public health information about COVID-19, which may hold key to healthcare workers’ hand hygiene and mask wearing and to protect their health and patients’ safety.

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, PCa recurrence and progression rates during ADT are high. Until now, there has been no evidence regarding when progression begins. This study evaluated the gene expression of intraprostatic androgen receptor (AR) and steroidogenic enzymes in the early stages of ADT. Methods: Prostate tissue samples were taken from PCa patients with urinary retention who received ADT (ADT-PCa; n=10) and were further subgrouped into ADT ≤12 months (n=4) and ADT >12 months (n=6). The ADT-PCa tissues were then compared with BPH (n=12) and primary (no treatment) PCa tissues (n=16). mRNA for gene expression analysis of AR and steroidogenic enzymes was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues and analyzed by real-time PCR. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. Results: AR gene expression was higher in the ADT-PCa group than in the BPH or primary PCa group. Both the ADT ≤12 and > 12 months subgroups had significantly higher relative gene expression levels of AR (p<0.01 and 0.03, respectively) than the primary PCa group. In the ADT-PCa group, AR protein expression showed an increasing trend in the ADT ≤12 months subgroup and was significantly elevated in the ADT >12 months subgroup compared with the PCa group (100%; p <0.01). Half (50%) of the patients in the ADT ≤12 months subgroup were found to have upregulation of AR, and one showed upregulation beginning at 3 months of ADT. A trend toward elevated relative gene expression of SRD5A3 was also apparent in the ADT groups. Conclusion: AR and steroidogenic enzymes are upregulated in ADT-PCa patients as early as 3 months, without PSA elevation. Steroidogenic enzymes, particularly SRD5A3, were also upregulated before PSA rose.