There is little about the incidence, mortality and risk factors of Esophageal cancer (EC) in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate, mortality and EC risk factors in the world. This review study was conducted on published English research by January 2017 with the search in by March 2018 by searching in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keywords "esophagus cancer," "epidemiology," "incidence," "mortality," "risk factor," " world." Based on the findings of this study, the geographical distribution of the EC differs according to subtitles, as AC is more prevalent in developed countries, while SCC is more prevalent in countries in Africa and East Asia. The most important risk factors for EC are the low intake of vegetables and fruits, drinking drinks and hot liquids, reducing the intake of nutritional supplements such as selenium and zinc, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, past medical history, obesity and exposure to some environmental factors. According to the findings, it seems that the main cause of EC- is an undesirable lifestyle. Therefore, it is possible to improve the lifestyle and inform the community about EC risk factors and healthy lifestyle education.
Objective: Tobacco smoking is one of the causes of the incidence and mortality of cancer in the world. This study aimed to review the relationship between TS and especially the use of cigarettes with common cancers of various organs of the body. Methods: This study was conducted in English by November 2017 through a search in databases of the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search strategy included the key words "cancer", "tobacco smoke", "tobacco smoke", and "smoking." Articles that looked at the relationship between each type of cancer and smoking were entered into the study and summarized in Review. Results: Tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, Upper aerodigestive tract, esophagus, stomach, bladder, kidneys, colorectal, prostate, and pancreas. However, further studies are needed to confirm the association between Tobacco smoking and liver, cervical, brain, gallbladder, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hematologic malignancies. However, Tobacco smoking plays a protective role in the development of thyroid cancers, skin and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Conclusions: Given that almost all of the risk factors for most cancers are Tobacco smoking, increasing the public’s awareness of the harmful effects of smoking, implementing programs and policies to reduce smoking, can lead to a reduction in smoking and consequently reduce the resulting harmful consequences.
BackgroundClinical services evaluation with specific indicators are very helpful to identify improvable points. This study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the quality of clinical nursing services and offer practical solutions for accreditation of clinical nursing services.MethodsThe present study was conducted using Delphi method with two rounds. At the beginning of the study a questionnaire was prepared using results of another project (clinical nursing services audit). This questionnaire was sent to 47 nursing and accreditation professionals. After the first round, causes and solutions were categorized. Then participants were asked to comment on the significance of each strategy on the prepared questionnaire.ResultsIn the first round of Delphi in response to the question about the main causes and solutions of low quality of nursing clinical services, 394 causes and 212 solutions were mentioned by the participants. In the second round, considering moralists and specialization in the selection of nursing managers, staffing according to workload and attendance in comprehensive exam after graduation and before entering clinical fields attained the most importance.ConclusionMismatch of human resources with workload and lack of clarity with regard to duties have maximum correlation with poor quality of care. Organizational structure and communication program categories gained the highest and lowest importance respectively. This information could be used by nursing managers and policy makers to plan programs in order to improve the quality of clinical nursing services.
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