PurposePrognosis of the increasing number of elderly patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is poor with high risk of functional decline and mortality. Frailty seems to be a good predictor for those patients that will not benefit from dialysis. Varying prevalences between populations are probably related to the instrument used. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of frailty among ESRD patients with two different validated instruments.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among patients, aged ≥18 years, receiving hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and pre-dialysis care between September 2013 and December 2013 in a single dialysis center in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. Frailty was measured with the frailty index (FI) and frailty phenotype (FP). ResultsPrevalence of frailty by the FI was 36.8 % among 95 participants with ESRD (age: 65.2 years, SD ± 12.0). Frailty prevalence among participants aged ≥65 and <65 years was 43.6 and 27.5 %, respectively. Female sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.3–8.0] and a Charlson comorbidity index score of ≥5 (OR 2.6, 95 % CI 1.0–6.6) were associated with frailty. The FI identified different but overlapping participants as frail compared with the FP; 62.5 % of frail participants according to FI were also frail according to the FP.ConclusionsPrevalence of frailty among young and elderly ESRD patients is high; being female and having more comorbidity was associated with frailty. Use of a broader definition of frailty, like the FI, gives a higher estimation of prevalence among ESRD patients compared with a physical frailty assessment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11255-016-1306-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background A wide range of interesting mathematical models has been derived to predict the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on the serum sodium concentration (most notably the Adrogué–Madias equation), but unfortunately, these models cannot be applied to patients with disorders characterized by aberrant antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, such as the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). The use of intravenous fluids in these patients should prompt caution, as the inability of the kidneys to properly dilute the urine can easily result in deterioration of hyponatremia. Methods In this report, a transparent and clinically applicable equation is derived that can be used to calculate the estimated effect of different types and volumes of crystalloid infusate on the serum sodium concentration in SIADH patients. As a “proof of concept”, we discuss five SIADH patient cases from our clinic. Alternatively, our mathematical model can be used to determine the infusate volume that is required to produce a certain desired change in the serum sodium concentration in SIADH patients. Conclusion The presented model facilitates rational intravenous fluid therapy in SIADH patients, and provides a valuable addition to existing prediction models.
Background: Currently over 55% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are aged 60 years and patients 475 years represent the fastest growing segment of the dialysis population. We aimed to assess whether the Groningen frailty indicator (GFI) can be used to distinguish fit older ESRD patients, likely able to tolerate and benefit from dialysis, from frail older patients who need further evaluation with a geriatrician's comprehensive assessment. Methods: All patients aged 65 years visiting the pre-dialysis unit at the Gelre hospital between 2007 and 2013 were included and underwent the GFI (n ¼ 65). Patients with GFI 4 (frail) were referred for geriatric consultation (n ¼ 13). Results of the GFI and nephrologists' evaluation were compared with geriatrician's assessment. Survival rates and outcomes after one year of follow up were recorded. Results: Twenty patients (32%) were identified as frail. Of the problems identified by the geriatrician in 13 patients, 55% were not reported in the nephrologists' notes. The first year after inclusion, 30% of patients with a GFI 4 died, compared to 9% of fit patients (p ¼ 0.04). Moreover, 90% of frail patients had been hospitalized one or more times, compared to 53% in the fit group (p ¼ 0.005). Conclusion: Although the GFI can be a useful instrument to identify ESRD patients at risk, both the GFI and the nephrologists' assessment failed to identify specific geriatric impairments. Further research is needed to develop a specific frailty indicator for ESRD patients and to determine the value and effect of a comprehensive geriatric assessment in ESRD patients.
S U M M A R Y ␣ -Dystroglycan (DG) is a negatively charged membrane-associated glycoprotein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Previously, we described that ␣ -DG covers the whole podocyte cell membrane in the rat. However, our finding was challenged by the description of a strictly basolateral localization in human kidney biopsies, using a different antibody against ␣ -DG. Therefore, we studied the exact localization of glomerular ␣ -DG by using these two antibodies in both species. The studies were performed by using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) IIH6 and VIA4.1 in immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy on both rat and human kidney sections, as well as on cultured mouse podocytes. The apical localization of ␣ -DG on podocytes was more dominant than the basolateral localization. The basolateral staining with MoAb VIA4.1 was more pronounced than that of MoAb IIH6. With both MoAbs, the staining in rat kidneys was more prominent, in comparison to human kidneys. We conclude that ␣ -DG is expressed at both the basolateral and apical sides of the podocyte. This localization suggests that ␣ -DG plays a dual role in the maintenance of the unique architecture of podocytes by its binding to the glomerular basement membrane, and in the maintenance of the integrity of the filtration slit, respectively.
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