A nanodrop spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for determination of amlodipine besylate (AB) in bulk and tablet dosage form. The maximum absorption of amlodipine was shown at 357 nm using acetonitrile as a solvent. The developed method was found to be linear (R2 = 0.9990) within the concentration range of 2-10 µg/mL. The precision study showed acceptable values of RSD% (less than 1%). LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.34 and 1.14 µg/mL, respectively. Accuracy study showed good recovery 99% Awalodipine and 98.88% Amloneer, in locally commercial tablets. The present method was applied successfully for stability indicating study of AB in Awalodipine and Amloneer products manufactured in (Erbil and sulaymaniyah, respectively)/ Kurdistan of Iraq. The stability-indicating study was investigated under acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal conditions. The results of both products showed that AB is unstable in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions under heating at 60℃ up to 5 hrs. While under photolytic and thermal conditions, the degradation percentage was less than 15% indicating to the stability of AB in both Awalodipine and Amloneer tablets according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline of drugs. It can be concluded that the main factor that affects the degradation of AB is the passage of time.
The present study was designed to optimizing the adsorption of As (V) onto potato peel derived activated carbon (MPP-AC) by employing response surface method and central composite design. Adsorbent of cheap and locally available potato residue was produced based on chemical activation with H3PO4 subsequently carbonization to produce the porous activated carbon. The individual and interactive effects of five variables including initial arsenic concentration, temperature, time, dosage amount and pH of the medium were investigated. Based on the statistic analysis (ANOVA), the quadratic model was developed associating the adsorption capacity (qe). The optimum conditions were obtained of 9.98 mg L-1 of initial As (V) concentration, 28 °C of temperature, 39.7 min of time, 0.97 g of adsorbent dose and 7.3 of pH. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.27 mg g-1 and 76.5% removal efficiency. The equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies for estimating the mechanism of process demonstrated a good fit to Langmuir model and the pseudo-second order, respectively. The results of this study showed that the feasibility of central composite design for control adsorption process and indicated the use of activated carbon of potato residue have important implications for As (V) removal.
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