Observing responses are maintained by discriminative stimuli. Most researches have shown that observing responses are maintained by S+, a fact that has being explained by conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement would acquire conditioned reinforcement proprieties. There are researches that that have shown both S+ and S-maintaing observing, a fact that has being explained by uncertainty reduction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both stimuli provide information's and reduce uncertainty about contingencies. The present research intended to study observing responses in contingencies reversals. According to conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, in every reversal, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement, or nearer to reinforcement, should reinforce observing. According to uncertainty reduction hypothesis, in every reversal, both stimuli should maintain observing because both inform about contingencies. Three experiments were done. An eye tracker equipment was used to register observing responses. In Experiment 1, three adults with typical development participated. Contingencies in Experiment 1 (VR Extinction) were not efficient in establishing discrimination and reversals were not implemented. In Experiment 2, three other adults participated. It was used punition (points lost) for responding in the presence of S-. Discrimination was established and reversals were carried through. Results show that Swas observed with longer duration and/or higher frequencies than S+. S-conditioned reinforcement properties are discussed in terms of increasing escape probability. In Experiment 3, two adults participated. Two groups of stimuli were used. Throughout the experiment, S-maintained observing with longer durations and higher frequencies than S+. One of the participants, when exposed to reversals, from the first stimulus presented, Sobservation becomes higher to the other S-than to the other S+. These results indicated that, besides functional stimuli classes, it was created conditioned reinforcement classes. Discriminative effects of stimuli over eye movements are discussed. It is suggested that reinforcement effect of other elements, like points and instructions must be evaluated. This elements can maintain observing and concur with observation of stimulus in itself.
Resumo: Clientes frequentemente procuram auxílio terapêutico com dúvidas, insatisfações e conflitos ligados a aspectos que envolvem relacionamentos afetivo-conjugais. No presente artigo, foram enumeradas variáveis que merecem serem investigadas na avaliação da qualidade de relacionamentos conjugais. As variáveis listadas e discutidas foram: (1) os motivos do início do relacionamento; (2) o histórico de relacionamentos de cada membro do casal; (3) a forma de divisão financeira; (4) as diferenças de idade entre os cônjuges e das culturas nas quais estiveram inseridos; (5) o grau de intimidade do casal; (6) as práticas sexuais; (7) os padrões de interação entre os cônjuges; (8) a existência de outras fontes de reforçamento fora do casamento; (9) o impacto das traições; (10) os efeitos da ocorrência de doenças em um dos cônjuges; (11) as decisões relacionadas aos filhos; (12) os planos de vida traçados pelo casal e (13) os aspectos relacionados à separação. As análises realizadas podem servir como material complementar para terapeutas que atendem clientes com queixas ligadas ao relacionamento conjugal, assim como podem funcionar como gerador de outras considerações teóricas e de pesquisas sobre o tema. Palavras-chave: terapia, relacionamento conjugal, variáveisAbstract: Clients often look for psychotherapy when they have doubts or conflicts concerning their marriage. In this paper, some variables for the evaluation of marriage's quality are listed. The variables considered were: (1) the reasons for the beginning of the relationship; (2) the history of relationships of each one involved; (3) the financial aspects; (4) the age and cultural differences; (5) the intimacy; (6) the sexual practices; (7) the interaction patterns between the couple; (8) the other reinforcements sources; (9) the betrayal impacts; (10) the diseases effects; (11) the decisions concerning kids; (12) the plans for life and (13) divorcing aspects. The analysis achieved can be used as a complementary material for therapists who deal with clients with relationships problems, as well as be useful for further theoretical considerations and researches about the subject.
em Psicologia Experimental: Análise do Comportamento (PUC-SP), alunoouvinte do curso de especialização em Terapia Comportamental Infantil (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie), experiência em atendimento clínico infantil e em coordenação de grupo de pais.
No presente trabalho, foram enumeradas algumas variáveis que poderiam ter controlado a utilização de metáforas por parte dos personagens do filme O Carteiro e o Poeta. Por exemplo, quando o personagem verbaliza Senti-me como uma barco sacudido pelas palavras, sugerimos que o efeito que sentiu ao escutar o poema foi semelhante ao efeito que havia sentido ao estar num barco, ao mar. Tanto no barco quanto diante do poema, o personagem sentiu enjôo. No artigo, as metáforas são diferenciadas das respostas-padrão, que já têm seu uso difundido na comunidade verbal. Sugere-se que a recitação de poesias por parte do carteiro tem função de mando, tendo como conseqüência a aproximação da mulher amada. Também são apresentados os operantes verbais ecóico e intraverbal, que servem para analisar a reprodução de poesias anteriormente criadas pelo poeta.
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