BackgroundThe international community strongly advocates the implementation of multi-sectoral surveillance policies for an effective approach to antibiotic resistance, in line with the One Health concept. To comply with these international recommendations, the Vietnamese government has issued an inter-ministerial surveillance strategy for antibiotic resistance, including an integrated surveillance system. However, one may question the ability and willingness of surveillance stakeholders to implement the collaborations required. To assess the feasibility of operationalising this strategy within the national context, we explored the role of key stakeholders in the strategy, as well as their abilities to comply with it.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative approach based on an iterative stakeholder mapping and analysis, in three distinct steps: (1) a description of the structure of the national surveillance strategy (literature review, key informant interviews); (2) an analysis of the key stakeholders’ positions regarding the strategy (semi-structured interviews); (3) the identification of factors influencing the operationalisation of the collaborative surveillance strategy (comparison of data collected at the first and second steps).ResultsThe mapping of the surveillance system, as well as the characterisation of key stakeholders according to organisational and functional attributes, underlined that inter-sectoral surveillance initiatives do exist, but that the organisation of the national surveillance system remains highly silo-oriented.Based on stakeholder perspectives, we identified seven factors that may influence the implementation of the One Health strategy at national level: governance and operational frameworks, divergence of institutional cultures, level of knowledge, technical capacities, allocation of resources, conflicting commercial interests and influence of international partners.ConclusionsThe study suggests that the operationalisation of the collaborative surveillance strategy requires the full adhesion of stakeholders and the provision of appropriate resources. Based on these findings, we have proposed a guidance framework together with recommendations to move towards a more suitable governance and operational model for One Health surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam.To lever and promote successful inter-sectoral collaboration, a participatory “learning by doing” process could be applied to guide, frame and mentor stakeholders through the identification of appropriate levels of collaboration, depending on the expected positive impacts on the value of surveillance.
It is no doubt that industrial zones leverage economic development in many countries. However, migrant workers who are main labor forces in industrial zones faced to some vulnerable situations easily related to both working and non-working environment. Base on the survey of 190 migrant workers in two industrial zones in Bac Ninh, this study found that labor sustainability is threaten by going on the foot loose of traditional development of industrial zones. Migrant workers in these zones faced a trade-off between accepting a hard life and accumulating capitals as well as experiences for an expected better one afterward. They are going to be circular and leave these zones after staying several years on their works.
Many researchers have tried to explain the motivation behind out and return migration. However, few bodies of literature focus on selection of destinations of out migration, motives to return according to marriage status of migrants before the return and gender perspective of employments on the return. By surveying 68 returnees and applying participatory rural appraisal, this study shows that the personal and household characteristics of returnees before the migration create an effect on destination selections On the return, both single and married migrants are motivated by filial obligations to their parents. Single migrants’ motive associates to the potential failures that can be a burden on their livings after getting married. Married migrants’ motive to return results from living away from their children. This study also demonstrates that women play an important role in the development of agriculture. Additionaly, agriculture acts as a buffer to the negative impacts of return migration.
The latest robust estimators usually take advantage of density estimation, such as kernel density estimation, to improve the robustness of inlier detection. However, the challenging problem for these systems is choosing the suitable smoothing parameter, which can result in the population of inliers being overor underestimated , and this, in turn, reduces the robustness of the estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a robust estimator that estimates an accurate inlier scale. The proposed method first carries out an analysis to figure out the residual distribution model using the obvious case-dependent constraint, the residual function. Then the proposed inlier scale estimator performs a global search for the scale producing the residual distribution that best fits the residual distribution model. Knowledge about the residual distribution model provides a major advantage that allows us to estimate the inlier scale correctly, thereby improving the estimation robustness. Experiments with various simulations and real data are carried out to validate our algorithm, which shows certain benefits compared with several of the latest robust estimators.
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