Mining severely affects ecosystems and threatens local food security. Remediation practices, however, are a viable way of reducing the negative impacts on post-mining lands. In this study we aim to improve crop yields and drought resistance on a post-tin-mining site located in Bangka Island, Indonesia, with locally available resources. Plots with five different soil amendments: (1) dolomite; (2) compost; (3) charcoal; combinations of (4) charcoal + compost; and (5) charcoal + sawdust; and a control were established. An intercropping system with cassava and centrosema was employed, and yields were determined. Drought resistance was evaluated by carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) from crop parts of cassava and centrosema’s shoot. Soil physicochemical properties were determined at harvesting time. Soil amendments significantly improved cassava and centrosema yields. In particular, the compost and combined (charcoal + compost) treatments enhanced centrosema yields (1.18 and 1.99 kg·plot−1, respectively) and were related to higher nutrient availability. Similarly, compost, charcoal, and combined treatments showed positive effects on the cassava yield (0.15–0.16 kg·plant−1) and a higher drought resistance in the charcoal treatment (∆13C= 21.48‰). Increased water-holding capacity (WHC) reduced the water deficiency and boosted yields of cassava and centrosema when the soil was treated with dual amendments (charcoal + compost). Charcoal, compost, and their combination turned out to be the most sustainable amendments in degraded post-mining tropical soils.
Rice noodle is Malaysia's popular main dish prepared by rice flour. This is one of the most common Asian noodles in Southeast Asia in particular. Traditionally, rice noodle is made of strong amylose, long grain rice. Rice noodle is typically made using two primary methods; sheeting of dough to develop flat rice noodle locally known as rice noodle and extruding to develop rice vermicelli. Thick noodle sheets turn the cutting rolls onto noodle strands before being served as fresh rice noodle. Rice noodle has a high moisture content which makes it very perishable and susceptible to degradation due to microbial growth within several days (Ahmed, Qazi, Li, & Ullah, 2016). The drying process is introduced as a strategy in extending the shelf life of rice noodle whereby the moisture content declines from 40% to less than 12.5% in drying noodle without compromising the quality. Dehydration is a dynamic method that requires into consideration the specific mass and heat transfer system in the drying product. The diffusion gradient between the vapor pressure
Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Merawu di Banjarnegara terancam kelestarian lingkungannya karena erosi dan longsor. Tanah di DAS ini merupakan tanah vulkanik yang tebal dan subur. Ancaman erosi dan longsor muncul karena tanah berada pada lahan miring, intensitas hujan tinggi, dan penutupan lahan yang rendah. Erosi dan longsor sangat berkaitan dengan proses masuknya air ke dalam tanah (infiltrasi). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan tiga model infiltrasi (Horton, Philip, Kostiakov) dalam memprediksi kecepatan proses masuknya air ke dalam tanah pada dua penggunaan lahan yang berbeda di DAS Merawu. Sampel tanah dan pengukuran laju infiltrasi dilakukan pada demplot: i) lahan pertanian dan ii) agrofotesri dengan masing-masing luas 0,1 Ha. Titik pengambilan sampel tanah dan pengukuran infiltrasi ditetapkan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling yang mewakili lereng bagian atas, tengah dan bawah, masing-masing sejumlah 3 titik, sehingga total ada 18 titik sampel. Pengukuran laju infiltrasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat Double Ring Infiltrometer. Evaluasi model menggunakan parameter statistik MAE, Bias, dan RMSE. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tanah pada demplot pertanian dan agroforestri adalah jenis Latosol dengan kelas tekstur Sandy Loam, struktur granuler, berat jenis 1,74 – 1,92 g.cm-3, berat volume 0,48 – 0,60 g.cm-3, porositas 69 – 72%, dan kandungan bahan organik 3,6-7,5%. Laju infiltrasi pada lahan pertanian dengan model Horton, Phillip, dan Kostiakov secara berturut-turut, yaitu 340 mm.jam-1, 385 mm.jam-1 dan 390 mm.jam-1. Sedangkan pada agroforestri, dengan urutan yang sama: 254 mm.jam-1, 337 mm.jam-1, dan 435 mm.jam-1. Berdasarkan nilai MAE dan RMSE, model infiltrasi Horton lebih baik dalam memprediksi laju infiltrasi pada lahan pertanian dan agroforestri.
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Mining is an important industrial sector in Bangka Island (Indonesia) where about 70% of this area is tin mining. The separation of tin via flotation of tin-containing soils results in acidic nutrient-poor soils with very low organic matter contents. Hence, ex-tin mined areas are highly and unsuitable for plant growth due to their un-fertility. To improve soil fertility soil amendments are of vital importance. This research aims to evaluate the impact of different soil amendments on agricultural production and basic soil parameters on the ex-tin mined area.</p><p>The study was conducted on ex-tin mined area located in Bangka Regency, Indonesia (1<sup>o</sup>47&#8217;22.9085 S and 106<sup>o</sup>5&#8217;47.0461 E). Bangka Regency has a tropical climate with an average daily temperature of 27.2<sup>o</sup>C, precipitation during the growing season is 191.5 mm per month. The field trial was set up in July 2018 by a randomized complete block design with five different soil amendments and control plots for comparison, with a size of 2 x 2 m in four replicates. The treatments consist of the: (1) Control, (2) Lime, (3) Compost; (4) Charcoal and combinations of (5) Charcoal and Compost, and (6) Charcoal and sawdust. The soil was amended with t.ha<sup>-1</sup> for the single amendments (treatments 2-4), and with rate 20 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> for combined amendments (treatments 5 and 6). The plots are used to grow cassava (Manihot esculenta) for 12 months as the main crop and Centrocema pubescens as used as a cover crop grown twice for 6 months to avoid soil erosion. Soil samples were taken before and after harvest to analyze soil properties. Soil samples were analyzed for the following parameters: pH, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Electric Conductivity (EC). Crop yields were determined by weighing the total harvest of each crop per plot. The cover crop was harvested in December 2018, and replanted, until the main crop Cassava was harvested (30 July 2019), where the cover crop yield was also evaluated. Cassava yields were separated into belowground and aboveground yields.</p><p>Soil amendments showed positive effects on soil pH, DOC, and EC at harvest time. Lime treatment significantly improved soil pH and EC (7.40 and 72.30 &#181;S.cm<sup>-1</sup> respectively), while DOC was significantly increased by compost treatment. Centrocema pubescens yields were significantly higher at the first harvest compared to the second one. The combined treatment with charcoal (10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup>) + Compost (t.ha<sup>-1</sup>) showed significantly the highest yield for both samplings. While another combined treatment, where, charcoal and sawdust was applied at 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> each, showed the highest total cassava belowground biomass (5.44 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup> ) as well as cassava aboveground biomass (3.06 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup>).</p><p>Results of the present field experiment suggest that the application of soil amendments directly affected soil parameters. The effect on yields was positive but crop dependent, likely due to different nutrient requirements. Data on heavy metal uptake by plants regarding soil amendments will be presented. Soil amendments can provide the potential to improve food safety and security in the ex-tin mined area.</p><p>Keywords: ex-tin mined, soil fertility, soil amendments, soil parameters, crop yields</p>
The agricultural sector is required to provide food products for human needs. To increase agricultural yields, precision agriculture approaches are required by the utilization of information and technology to maximize agricultural productivity. Precision agriculture systems cannot be separated from monitoring and controlling the environment. This system is necessary to keep the surrounding environment or microclimate by plants requirements. However, during the monitoring and control process, some failures may occur due to technical and non-technical problems, and they will cause damage if not treated immediately. Therefore, to keep the microclimate under control according to plant growing requirements, an early warning system is necessary. The objective of this study was to develops an early warning system for microclimate anomalies using Change Point Analysis based on evapotranspiration calculations. This system works to detect changes in microclimate anomalies caused by malfunctions in the monitoring or control system. Microclimate time-series data obtained from monitoring in the growth chamber are used to calculate evapotranspiration. To represent the environmental condition inside the systems, reference evapotranspiration time-series data estimated from climate data using Penmann-Monteith 56 model, were analyzed using Singular Spectrum Transformation (SST) to obtain the change point score. As the result of the performance test and observation, microclimate anomalies inside the growth chamber could be detected by the change point detection representing by the change point score.
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