Lip repositioning is an effective method for treating EGD, however, muscle severance provides a more stable result at 12 months when compared to the classical technique. More studies are necessary to fully assess this procedure.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and efficiency of the locally injected vitamin C in the treatment of persistent gingival inflammation. Design. Twenty adult patients with persistent chronic gingival inflammation were included in this study. The same dose of sterile vitamin C was injected in gingival tissues after the completion of phase I therapy. Gingival biopsies were taken after total resolution of inflammation. The specimens were examined histologically, using H&E stain. Results. Clinical evaluation revealed great improvement of the injected sites with recall visits. Histopathological results revealed marked decrease in inflammatory cells and epithelial thickness and a higher number of newly formed subbasal capillaries. Conclusions. Vitamin C is an effective adjunctive treatment in reducing various degrees of chronic gingival inflammation.

Objectives. Periodontitis is characterized by inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissue, loss of attachment, and bone resorption. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) is responsible for the oxidative damage occurring in periodontal tissues. Melatonin has important immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and powerful antioxidant functions. The current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of topical melatonin gel as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Methods. This split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 24 patients with grade II periodontitis. Two sites in each patient were randomly assigned; test sites were treated by nonsurgical therapy followed by intrapocket application of 5% melatonin gel. Control sites were treated by nonsurgical therapy followed by intrapocket application of placebo gel. Both the melatonin and placebo gel were applied weekly once for four weeks. Assessment of clinical parameters (PD and CAL) was done at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in GCF were also evaluated utilizing commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Results. Treatment with topical melatonin was associated with a reduction in periodontal inflammation reflected as an improvement in the clinical periodontal parameters. Melatonin-treated sites showed a more statistically significant percent reduction in PD and more statistically significant percent gain in CAL than the control site. Additionally, a significant increase in TAC and a significant decrease in MMP-9 levels in GCF were found in melatonin-treated sites in comparison to control sites. Conclusions. The adjunctive use of topical melatonin gel with nonsurgical periodontal therapy has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in the treatment of grade II periodontitis patients.

Background: Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease which is considered as a potential precancerous condition. Numerous studies have confirmed that inflammation is a strong risk factor for cancer development. Smoking is associated with potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa. The adverse consequences of smoking in various pathologies are mediated by its effects on the immune-inflammatory system. Little is known about the influence of cigarette smoke content on the course of OLP and inflammatory response. Methods: Twenty oral lichen planus smoker patients, 20 oral lichen planus non-smoker patients and 20 control patients were included in this work. Pain and clinical scores were calculated for each patient. Image analysis to calculate area percent for TLR-2 and CD34 immuno-expression was performed. Data was tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: The present study showed no statistically significant difference in clinical and pain scores between the smoker and non-smoker groups. However, there was a significant difference in area percent values for TLR-2 and CD34 immuno-expression between the smoker and the non-smoker groups. Conclusion: Smoking enhanced TLR-2 and CD34 expression in OLP which are considered as inflammatory mediators and are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

Background: Even though extensive studies on the prevalence of periodontal diseases in various populations worldwide have been carried out, data for the Egyptian population is limited.  The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence and the severity of periodontal disease and its correlation with different risk factors. Methods: Periodontal examination was performed on 343 adults attending the outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, as well as three private clinics. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: It was found that 58.9% of participants had calculus deposits. The occurrence of periodontitis was 89.8%, where 70.8% of participants had stage I and 15.2% had stage II, while only 4.4% and 2.05% suffered from stage III and stage IV, respectively. Calculus was positively correlated with age, grains, and sugar in drinks and negatively correlated with socioeconomic status, education level, brushing frequency and milk. Calculus was not correlated with gender and BMI. Periodontitis was positively correlated with age, carbohydrates other than bread, grains, and crackers, as well as caffeinated drinks, while negatively correlated with gender, socioeconomic status, brushing frequency. Periodontitis was not correlated with BMI or education level. Conclusion: The present study clarifies that age, brushing frequency, carbohydrates and caffeinated drinks consumption are significant factors influencing the occurrence and the severity of periodontal diseases.