No abstract

This study analyses the influence of ethnic identity on the acculturation orientations of Basque undergraduates, towards groups in traditional contact (native Basques and native Spaniards) and towards recent immigrant groups. Five dimensions were used to measure the Basque and/or Spanish identities: linguistic, cultural, political, global, and the desire to be Basque and/or Spanish. Two factors were identified by analysing the factor structure of the items: Basque and Spanish identity. The scales of both factors were dichotomised using the mid-point of a 7-point Likert-type scale. The subjects were classified, according to their scores on identity scales, into three prototypes: two polarised identities, Basque and Spanish, and a third Dual prototype merges both identities. The main aim is to compare the host acculturation orientations of the three prototype identities towards different groups. The differences in acculturation were small in regard to immigrant groups, although orientations were more negative towards groups of immigrants who are less highly regarded by the host society. Interestingly, the prototypes differ in the acculturation orientations regarding the groups in traditional contact, the native Basques and native Spaniards. An in-group favouritism effect occurs, in both polarised prototypes, whereas the Dual prototype shows similar positive acculturation orientations towards both groups.

This article presents some of the most relevant results of a survey of 2,900 Spanish minors aged between 9 and 17 years who are Internet users and who were asked about their online habits. It focuses on an analysis of their exposure to inappropriate content on the Internet, typified as information about injury to others or self-injury, ways to commit suicide, anorexia, bulimia, hate messages, drug use, or violent images. It also analyzes the exposure to experiences with viruses or malware and online fraud, and risks related to the misuse of personal information, sharenting, and excessive use. Differences are observed by age groups, and also by gender, for example, regarding the exposure to hate messages against certain groups, which during adolescence is noticeably more frequent among girls than among boys. The results, which are partially comparable to those of two equivalent surveys carried out in 2010 and 2015, allow us to conclude that the exposure to online risks has increased in recent years. Resumen Se presenta parte de los resultados más relevantes de una encuesta realizada a 2.900 menores españoles de entre 9 y 17 años usuarios de internet a quienes se preguntó sobre sus hábitos de navegación online. Se centra en el análisis de su exposición a contenidos inadecuados en internet, tipificados como información sobre formas de lesionar o autolesionarse, formas de suicidarse, anorexia, bulimia, mensajes de odio, consumo de drogas o imágenes violentas. También se analiza la exposición a experiencias con virus o malware y fraudes online, y riesgos relacionados con el mal uso de la información personal, el sharenting y el uso excesivo. Se advierten diferencias por franjas de edad, y también de género, por ejemplo, respecto a la exposición a mensajes de odio dirigidos contra ciertos grupos, que es notablemente más frecuente entre las adolescentes que entre los adolescentes. Los resultados, que son parcialmente comparables con los de sendas encuestas equivalentes realizadas en 2010 y 2015, permiten concluir que la exposición a los riesgos online se ha incrementado en los últimos años.

The main objective of this study was to analyse the acquisition of languages by the immigrant students enrolled in the bilingual Basque school, in comparison with indigenous students. We have analysed both the family language of immigrant students as well as the knowledge, use and desire to know the two languages of the school: Basque and Spanish. On the other hand, we have measured the incidence of some variables, such as family language, the length of stay in the host country and the school language model. The sample was composed of 977 secondary school students, of which 145 were immigrant students enrolled in the Basque Autonomous Community. The results show the linguistic diversity among these students. The immigrant student's family language, the linguistic model in which they are enrolled and the length of stay are decisive in the perception of knowledge, use and desire to learn the two languages of the school.

This study analyses the influence of ethnolinguistic identity on attitudes of secondary school students in the Basque Autonomous Community (N = 1,065) towards the languages, cultures and linguistic groups in traditional contact, as well as the emergent immigrant groups. Four identity prototypes were obtained according to the ethnolinguistic identity of the subjects. The Dual prototype integrates Basque and Spanish identity, two prototypes show a polarized identity towards either Basque or Spanish identification, and the Diffuse identity prototype shows low identification with both Basque and Spanish. The results indicate that ethnolinguistic identity has an effect on attitudes towards the traditional contact languages and cultures. Ingroup favouritism can be observed in the polarized identity prototypes, although to varying degrees. The subjects' differing degrees of Basque-Spanish bilingualism and biculturalism is associated with more inclusive attitudes. The effect of ethnolinguistic identity in relation to the emerging contact was small.