Based upon our previous observations that the susceptibility of the mammary gland to neoplastic transformation is related to its degree of development and proliferative activity,8-10 we studied 15 reduction mammoplasties by determining the degree of breast development, measured based upon the type and number of lobules present," which allowed us to classify the mammoplasty specimens into two types: (a) poorly differentiated breasts, those composed oftype 1 and 2 lobules; and (b) well-differentiated breasts, those composed almost exclusively of type 3 lobules.1° Portions of the same breasts were utilized for measuring the rate of DNA synthesis or DNA labeling index (DNA-LI) by in vim incorporation of 3H-thymidine and for studying the in vim growth characteristics of organoids obtained by digestion of the tissue prior to plating. It was found that 10 of the breasts were composed predominantly of type 1 and 2 lobules, and their DNA-LI was 1.03 f 0.48. Cells derived from these samples attached to the culture dish immediately, with a high number of doublings (0.64 f 0.47). Five samples were composed almost exclusively of type 3 lobules. Their DNA-LI was 0.05 f 0.05, markedly lower than the DNA-LI of cells derived fiom poorly differentiated breasts; the dfferences were statistically significant (FIG. 1). The cells' number of doublings was 0.11 f 0.06. There was a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.802) between the number of doublings of cells in primary cultures and the percentage of type 1 and 2 lobules present in the specimen, whereas differentiation inversely correlated with this parameter (r = 0.722) (FIGS. 2 and 3). 1.6 1 --If DNA-LI FIGURE 1. Influence of lobulardevelopment on the number of doublingdday and DNAlabeling index. RUSSO ct uf.: CRITICAL STEPS 1 -0 -3 Y=0.0*2 -0 . 2 6 0~ @ \ @ I 1 0 Y=O. 126+0.35Bx Corr. =O .802 FIGURE 2. Correlation of doublingdday and type 1 and type 2 lobular structures.
RESPONSE OF HUMAN BREAST EPITHELIAL
CELLS IN PRIMARY CULTURES To
CARCINOGEN TREATMENTTwenty additional reduction mammoplasty specimens were digested for obtention of organoids, which were classified as type 1, 2, or 3 lobules. The organoids were plated in DMEM:F12 culture medium containing 1.05 mM calcium (Ca++). When they formed monolayers, the cells were passaged and then treated with the following carcinogens: 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU), methyl-N-nitro-nitrosoguanidine
Aim of this paper is to develop an efficient fuzzy c-mean based segmentation algorithm to extract tumor region from MR brain images. First, cluster centroids are initialized through data analysis of tumor region, which optimizes the standard fuzzy cmean algorithm. Next, reconstruction based morphological operations are applied to enhance its performance for brain tumor extraction. The results show that simple fuzzy c-mean could not segment the region of interest properly, whereas enhanced algorithm effectively extracts the tumor region. From comparison with existing segmentation methods, enhanced fuzzy c-mean algorithm emerges as the most effective algorithm for extracting region of interest.
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