There is a continuing academic debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR), its goals and practices, and its impact on business and society. Following this debate, this study has made a critical investigation of CSR practices of business enterprises with a view to examining their spirit, intentions and roles in terms of pristine business goals. After analyzing the contents of pertinent literature (126 articles, of which 89 are empirical) in both developed and developing country contexts, the study finds that corporate managers are still less concerned about the meaning and essence of pristine business goals and the true goals and role of CSR. They practice CSR largely in a voluntary philanthropic fashion to build public image and primarily enhance business profit, not necessarily for social wellbeing. Their CSR practices have been found to be more of a cosmetic and face‐saving marketing strategy, undermining the social wellbeing goal for sustainable development. The CSR movement, therefore, needs reformation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop traits and model of entrepreneurship development from Islamic point of view. Design/methodology/approach – The study is descriptive, in so far as its goal is to describe a method, and the nature of the paper is conceptual. The study draws on secondary materials through library research. Findings – In this paper both the traits as well as model of entrepreneurship are developed from Islamic perspective. The salient traits are knowledge, initiative, risk taking, customer orientation, employee involvement, strategic thinking, fear of Allah, hard working, innovativeness, excellence, honesty and truthfulness, morality, vision, optimism, patience, social welfare, Halal earnings and economical. The model would be used for developing entrepreneurship from Islamic perspective by performing various types of activities relating to the phases of preparatory and awareness development, support and motivation and feedback. Research limitations/implications – The paper has implications for government, potential entrepreneurs and existing entrepreneurs of Muslim countries representing one fourth of the world population. It is also expected that the study will help and encourage Islamic scholars to think over the matter and make them more aware in developing entrepreneurship based on Quran and Sunna in the modern business world. Practical implications – The findings of this research can be used as a guide to develop entrepreneurship in Muslim countries from Islamic point of view. The study could have practical implications falling within the purview of social sciences such as economics, business studies, public administration, political science, development studies, sociology, law, Quranic science, industrial management, education and human resource management. Originality/value – While many studies, partially, have focussed on traditional entrepreneurship sparing the demand of Muslim world, in this paper, the authors open a new avenue contributing to the literature on entrepreneurship development from Islamic perspective. The proposed model will be of genuine interest and benefits to government as prime policymaker, existing entrepreneurs, potential entrepreneurs, Islamic scholars and academicians.

Around 3 billion people are living in poverty of which 35 % are from Muslim World (World Bank 2010). In this case, global Muslim community has prime role to address the injustice of global poverty through zakah as an Islamic faith-based institution and having potential annual fund of $139.32 billion in Muslim world. This study designed an explanatory sequential mixed method. For qualitative data, 17 managers were interviewed and 85 zakah recipients were purposively surveyed (disproportionate sampling) for quantitative purpose between August 1 and December 30, 2013. The results indicate that zakah has significant bearing on the conditions of zakah recipients and lie the foundation of developing small business entrepreneurship by mobilizing zakah as seed money (investment) and not as spent money (consumption). A five-phased process model underpinned by two well-grounded theories: Becker's human capital theory and Kirkpatrick's training evaluation taxonomy has been proposed for developing entrepreneurship having universal application. The model's implications for alleviating poverty by governments, zakah management institutions, and policy makers also discussed in the paper.JEL Codes: I32; L26; P36

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop the features as well as model of organisational culture from Islamic point of view.Design/methodology/approachThe study is descriptive, in so far as its goal is to describe a method, and the nature of the paper is conceptual. The study draws on secondary materials through library research.FindingsIn this paper both the features as well as model of organisational culture are developed from Islamic perspective. The salient features are trust on Allah, missionary zeal, justice, accountability, mutual respects, mutual trust, absolute sincerity, hard working, cooperation, excellence, brotherly treatment, honesty and truthfulness, morality, consultative decision making, knowledge, good behaviour, sacrifice, neat and cleanliness.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has some implications for Islamic managers and employees who have to deal with ethical dilemmas between traditional and Islamic organisational culture in Muslim countries representing one fourth of the world population. It is also hoped that the study will reinforce managers' Islamic behaviour and make them more aware of the code of conduct based on Quran and Sunna in a modern organisational set up.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research can be used as a guide to Islamic organisational culture in Muslim countries. The study could have practical implications falling within the purview of social sciences such as political science, management and organizational studies, education, international law, and human resource management.Originality/valueWhile many studies, partially, have focused on traditional organisational culture sparing the demand of Muslim world, in this paper, the authors open a new avenue contributing to the literature on organisational culture from Islamic perspective. The proposed model will be of genuine interest and benefits to Islamic as well as non‐Islamic managers, employees, and academicians.

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