In December 2019, a novel virus, namely COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, developed from Wuhan, (Hubei territory of China) used its viral spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) for the entrance into a host cell by binding with ACE-2 receptor and cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Data revealed that the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 affected more than 24,854,140 people with 838,924 deaths worldwide. Until now, no licensed immunization or drugs are present for the medication of SARS-CoV-2. The present review aims to investigate the latest developments and discuss the candidate antibodies in different vaccine categories to develop a reliable and efficient vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in a short time duration. Besides, the review focus on the present challenges and future directions, structure, and mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 for a better understanding. Based on data, we revealed that most of the vaccines are focus on targeting the spike protein (S) of COVID-19 to neutralized viral infection and develop long-lasting immunity. Up to phase-1 clinical trials, some vaccines showed the specific antigen-receptor T-cell response, elicit the humoral and immune response, displayed tight binding with human-leukocytes-antigen (HLA), and recognized specific antibodies to provoke long-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Objective: The purpose of this study to observe the impact of flood on the prevalence of water borne disease. Methodology: A cross sectional observational study was conducted from July 2022 to September 2022 in flood affected areas of district Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan. The study was conducted on 910 patients after taking informed consent. Results: In this study 61% patients were males, 36% were female whereas only 3% participants were transgender. Majority of the patients belongs to rural areas while few belong to urban areas. Majority of the patients were of 01 to 10 years of age while only 43 patients were of age from 71- 80 years. Disease wise 397 case were of malaria, 156 patients were of diarrhea, 75 patients were of dysentery, 66 cases were of cholera, 89 cases were of typhoid fever, 76 cases were of skin diseases, 51 cases were of hepatitis. By keeping in view policy makers can take serious steps to treat the residents of district as well as took preventive measure to rescue the residents of district Khairpur Mirs. Conclusion: This study concludes that due to flood water accumulation water borne diseases increased. Among whole diseases malaria was on top with 44%, diarrhea was on second number with 17% while typhoid was on third number with 10% cases Keywords: Prevalence, Water borne diseases, Flood, Malaria, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Cholera, Typhoid fever, Skin diseases, Hepatitis.
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