Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 is an aerobic facultative methylotroph known to secrete pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a cofactor of a number of bacterial dehydrogenases, into the culture medium. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of PQQ biosynthesis, we are focusing on PqqE which is believed to be the enzyme catalysing the first reaction of the pathway. PqqE belongs to the radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) superfamily, in which most, if not all, enzymes are very sensitive to dissolved oxygen and rapidly inactivated under aerobic conditions. We here report that PqqE from M. extorquens AM1 is markedly oxygentolerant; it was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli cells grown aerobically and affinity-purified to near homogeneity. The purified and reconstituted PqqE contained multiple (likely three) iron-sulphur clusters and showed the reductive SAM cleavage activity that was ascribed to the consensus 2+ cluster bound at the N-terminus region. Mo¨ssbauer spectrometric analyses of the as-purified and reconstituted enzymes revealed the presence of 2+ and [2Fe-2S] 2+clusters as the major forms with the former being predominant in the reconstituted enzyme. PqqE from M.extorquens AM1 may serve as a convenient tool for studying the molecular mechanism of PQQ biosynthesis, avoiding the necessity of establishing strictly anaerobic conditions.Keywords: Methylobacterium extorquens AM1/PQQ/ PqqE/radical SAM enzyme.Abbreviations: 5 0 dA, 5 0 -deoxyadenosine; HiPIPs, high-potential iron-sulphur proteins; IPTG, isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside; PQQ, pyrroloquinoline quinone; SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine.Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is an aromatic, tricyclic o-quinone that serves as a cofactor for a number of prokaryotic dehydrogenases, e.g. alcohol or glucose dehydrogenase (1, 2). The biosynthesis of PQQ is achieved in a series of reactions catalysed by enzymes encoded by genes located on pqq operon(s). The PQQ biosynthetic genes from several bacteria such as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (3), Methylobacterium organophilum DSM 760 (4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5), Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 (6) [reclassified as P.protegens CHA0 (7)], Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 (8), Enterobacter intermedium 60-2G (9) [reclassified as Kluyvera intermedia (10)] and Gluconobacter oxydans 621H (11) were reported and more than 125 bacterial species with PQQ biosynthetic capability were identified by bioinformatics analysis (12). Four to seven genes organized in operon(s) are responsible for PQQ biosynthesis in different bacteria (13). In K.pneumoniae, operon pqqABCDEF is involved in PQQ production. Among six genes, only pqqA, pqqC, pqqD and pqqE are exclusively required for PQQ production (14). Despite the fact that PQQ has been found decades ago, only little is known about its biosynthetic pathway. Although the putative function of each of the genes of pqq operon(s) has been proposed based on sequence analyses and homology modelling (15), the only biochemically confirmed function is that of pqqC, which encodes a protein catalysing o...
PqqE is a radical S ‐adenosyl‐ l ‐methionine ( SAM ) enzyme that catalyzes the initial reaction of pyrroloquinoline quinone ( PQQ ) biosynthesis. PqqE belongs to the SPASM (subtilosin/ PQQ /anaerobic sulfatase/mycofactocin maturating enzymes) subfamily of the radical SAM superfamily and contains multiple Fe – S clusters. To characterize the Fe – S clusters in PqqE from Methylobacterium extorquens AM 1, Cys residues conserved in the N‐terminal signature motif ( CX 3 CX 2 C) and the C‐terminal seven‐cysteine motif ( CX 9–15 GX 4 CX n CX 2 CX 5 CX 3 CX n C; n = an unspecified number) were individually or simultaneously mutated into Ser. Biochemical and Mössbauer spectral analyses of as‐purified and reconstituted mutant enzymes confirmed the presence of three Fe – S clusters in PqqE: one [4Fe – 4S] 2+ cluster at the N‐terminal region that is essential for the reductive homolytic cleavage of SAM into methionine and 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical, and one each [4Fe – 4S] 2+ and [2Fe – 2S] 2+ auxiliary clusters in the C‐terminal SPASM domain, which are assumed to serve for electron transfer between the buried active site and the protein surface. The presence of [2Fe – 2S] 2+ cluster is a novel finding for radical SAM enzyme belonging to the SPASM subfamily. Moreover, we found uncommon ligation of the auxiliary [4Fe – 4S] 2+ cluster with sulfur atoms of three Cys residues and a carboxyl oxygen atom of a conserved Asp residue.
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