The definition of the ideal plant population is important for good safflower agricultural management in Brazil, as they are gaining importance as oleaginous plant. Two experiments were conducted in an Rhodic Acrudox in 2014 in Cascavel, PR, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of plant density on growth, yield components and grain yield in safflower oil during autumn and winter seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and four plant densities per meter (5, 10, 15 and 20 m). Densities of 14 and 16 plants per meter gave greater heights of plants during autumn and winter, accordingly. Increasing densities reduce the number of branches and chapters in autumn, but increase in the productivity of grains and oil. The oil content was improved by cultivating plants in winter, since the population of safflower in winter is higher as compared to fall. In safflower sown in autumn, between 15 and 16 plants per meter was sufficient for maximum grain yield and oil. The oil yield was 15% higher in autumn (992 kg ha-1) as compared to winter (858 kg ha-1
The objective is to evaluate the germination of four different safflower genotypes at six sowing depths. The study was carried out in the experimental field of the Western Paraná State University, in Cascavel, in two stages: in protected environment and in the field. In a protected environment, the experimental units were vessels with a 0.10 m diameter and a 0.20 m height, maintaining a 0.05 m water level. Using 10 seeds per vase, filled with substrate composed of vermiculite and macronutrients. For the field, the experimental units were divided in 3 blocks with 1.50 m rows, with 30 seeds spaced in 0.05 m, spacing between 0.30 m rows, totalizing blocks of 6 m by 1.8 m. For the analysis, we performed a 5 × 4 factorial, with four replicates being 5 depths (0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08 and 0.10 m) and 4 genotypes, with analysis of percentage, speed index, mean time and average speed of emergence and morphometric characteristics of the plant. High emergence rates occurred for the lowest sowing depths, ranging from 60 to 80%. At the greatest depths, the averages were below 50%. At 0 m depth, there was no emergence for both sites. For the emergence speed index, the averages ranged from 0.47 to 1.34 seeds per day for the protected environment and 2.26 to 16.42 seeds per day for the field experiment. For both sites, the IMA-2103 genotype had the best performance for the evaluated indices. The depths indicated for planting are 2 and 4 cm.
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