In healthy older men, circulating FGF23 is associated with parameters of mineral metabolism, including bone metabolism-regulating cytokines, and with severe AAC independent of traditional risk factors.

A decrease in bone mineral density in patients with Crohn's disease appears to result, at least in part, from a short-term effect of systemic glucocorticoid. Modulation of osteoclastogenesis by the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin cytokine system and decreased osteoblastic function may be the underlying molecular basis.

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