The study deals with culture-specific items denoting the status of a person in the novel Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell and its translations into Ukrainian and Russian. The paper focuses around lexemes that functioned during and after the Civil War and nominated the inhabitants of the USA according to their background, political and religious views, social layer, occupation, ethnic or Afro-American identity. Structuring cultural knowledge is manifested in the cultural code, which is verbalised due to the use of the abovementioned groups of words denoting status in the novel under study. With the view to the specificity of the time described, the novel abounds in culture-specific items that cause difficulty in Ukrainian and Russian translations, thus presupposing the translator’s striving for either preservation of the historical epoch in the target text or its substitution with the features of contemporary life. The translation techniques applied are transcoding; borrowing from the English or other European languages; descriptive translation (explicitation); literal translation; neutralization; approximate translation; the use of translational doublets; contextual translation; omission. Research results contribute to the development of cultural translation which studies specific differences of source and target texts with the respect both to the source and target cultures.
The article deals with the peculiarities and ways of rendering English-language realia in Ukrainian film translation defined as a special type of audio-visual translation in which an important role is played by extra-lingual factors and which presents a perspective research direction in terms of pragmatic adaptation. Modern translation study pays special attention to the adequacy of reproduction in the target language of the peculiarities of the source culture. The latter are coded in realia viewed as words and word combinations thatname unique phenomena present in the life of the source community and absent from the life of the target community. As a result, such vocabulary items do not have regular correspondences in the target language and should be rendered in translation in a specific way. The research allows singing out means and ways of rendering realia in film translation in view of domestication and foreignization strategies. The former aims at making the target text understandable for the Ukrainian community by means of transposition on the connotative level, hyperonymic substitution, using target language realia with the similar function. In this case the form is ignored in order to preserve in the target text the pragmatic potential of the source text. Implementing transcription, transliteration and loan translation the translator manages to preserve the unique atmosphere of the source culture, although it can make the process of understanding problematic.
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