Bisphosphonate (BP) Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) is one of the frequently occurring adverse reaction of BP intake, which is indicated in management of osteoporosis, Paget disease, multiple myeloma, and hypercalcemia in malignancies. The risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw relates to dose and duration of the therapy and the route of administration (i.e. more often BRONJ occurs in patients undergoing intravenous BPs therapy). At present, the management of BRONJ is a dilemma. No effective treatment has yet been developed. There is currently no gold standard of treatment for BRONJ. However, nowadays new alternative methods appear to be a promising modality of BRONJ treatment in early stages of the disease, while being safe and welltolerated, i.e. hyperbaric therapy, ozone therapy, use of platelet rich fibrine and platelet rich plasma, photodynamic therapy, low level laser therapy.
Introduction and Objective.Smoking is associated with periodontal disease, potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Recent increase in the electronic cigarette use creates new, yet undiscovered consequences for both general and oral health. Although the negative effects of nicotinism have been known for years, new information and correlations of the effects of tobacco smoking continue to emerge. The objective of this article is to provide an update on effects of both conventional smoking and electronic nicotine delivery systems on the oral health. Review Methods. A review of the recent literature (from 01.2000 to 06.2022) was conducted using PubMed, Web of Since and Google Scholar databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Smoking alters immune function promoting inflammation and impairs tissue healing. Typical problems for smokers include poor oral hygiene, halitosis and periodontal disease. Nicotinism contributes also to the oral cancer. Modern heat-not-burn nicotine delivery systems, which operate with lower temperatures and do not exude typical cigarette smoke, are increasingly popular alternative to traditional cigarettes. It is likely that e-cigarettes have fewer carcinogenic effects, but they contain nicotine and other substances that negatively affect the oral cavity. Similarly, IQOS cigarettes generate harmful products, but generally at lower concentrations than traditional cigarettes. Summary. Oral pathologies are predominantly associated with the use of traditional cigarettes as a result of the oral tissue and immune system exposure to composition of cigarette smoke. Although modern electric nicotine delivery systems seem to be less harmful, their long-term effects on oral health are still under-recognized. Medical professionals, especially dentists should identify the addicted patient and counsel on quitting nicotine addiction.
Introduction and Objective.Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease triggered by the dysbiosis of subgingival microbial biofilm and fuelled by host immune response. Periodontal inflammation may affect other systems and organs. Systemic inflammation is also a main characteristic of severe forms of Corona-Virus-Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Some genetic/ environmental factors in periodontitis patients might implicate the course of COVID-19, thus, the aim of the study was to analyse the association of periodontitis with COVID-19 complications. Review Methods. Literature available on 13 August 2022 was searched by using the PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Articles were selected that contained the key words: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, periodontitis, oral manifestation. Brief description of the state of knowledge. From the initial serach, 26 articles were retrieved for final analysis. Available data have shown that periodontitis may be a predisposing factor for the development of severe COVID-19. Periodontitis was associated with increased rates of hospitalization, assisted ventilation and death due to COVID-19 complications. Similar inflammatory pathways are activated in COVID-19 and periodontitis, and periodontal pathogens may contribute to a more severe course of COVID-19. Summary. Since some evidence confirms a relationship between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19, it is essential to maintain periodontal health and good oral hygiene as an important measure for the prevention and management of COVID-19 and its complications.
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