ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a flora fanerogâmica da região da Serra Negra localizada no sul da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, entre os municípios de Lima Duarte, Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde e Olaria. Embora considerada de importância biológica alta, esta região não possui nenhum registro anterior de dados florísticos, o que levou ao desenvolvimento deste levantamento, durante o período de 2003 a 2010. A vegetação é caracterizada por um mosaico de formações florestais e campestres onde se destacam os campos rupestres e florestas nebulares em altitudes que variam de 1300 a ca. 1700 m. Um total de 1033 espécies foi encontrado, distribuídas em 469 gêneros e 121 famílias sendo as mais representativas Orchidaceae (115 spp.), Asteraceae 54 spp.), Melastomataceae (56 spp.), Myrtaceae (53 spp.), Fabaceae, Poaceae e Rubiaceae (48 spp. cada), Bromeliaceae (43 spp.), Solanaceae (38 spp.) e Piperaceae (33 spp). Novos registros e endemismos para a flora mineira foram encontrados e 58 espécies estão citadas na lista de espécies ameaçadas de Minas Gerais. Palavras-chave: campo rupestre, Floresta Atlântica, floresta nebular, Serra da Mantiqueira, Zona da Mata Mineira. AbstractThe present study aims to characterize the phanerogamic flora of the region of Serra Negra, located in the southern of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, between the municipalities of Lima Duarte, Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde and Olaria. Although this region is considered of high biological importance, it has no previous record of floristic data, which led to the development of this survey, during the period 2003 to 2010. The vegetation is characterized by a mosaic of forests and grassland, especially cloud forests and "campos rupestres" (rocky grasslands), occurring at altitudes between 1300 to 1700 m. A total of 1033 species was recorded, distributed in 469 genera and 121 families. The most representative families are Orchidaceae (115 spp.), Asteraceae 54 spp.), Melastomataceae (56 spp.), Myrtaceae (53 spp.), Fabaceae, Poaceae e Rubiaceae (48 spp. cada), Bromeliaceae (43 spp.), Solanaceae (38 spp.) and Piperaceae (33 spp). New records and endemic species to flora of Minas Gerais were found and 58 species are cited in the list of endangered species of Minas Gerais.
A região da Serra Negra constitui um importante remanescente de floresta atlântica situado no sul da Zona da Mata mineira, na Serra da Mantiqueira, composta por um mosaico de campos rupestres (nos afloramentos de quartzito) a arbustais nebulares, florestas estacionais semideciduifólias a perenifólias e florestas nebulares, de ambientes inferomontanos a superomontanos ripícolas a interfluviais. A área de estudo é um fragmento de floresta de grota (floresta perenifólia ripícola), de aproximadamente 0,9 ha, situada no Cânion do Ribeirão do Funil, na Vila do Funil, município de Rio Preto, localizada no sul da Serra Negra. O presente trabalho foi realizado entre os anos de 2004 e 2009 e teve como objetivos o conhecimento da flora vascular não-arbórea, a discussão dos hábitos e habitats das plantas e a descrição da fisionomia do fragmento. Foram registrados 157 táxons de plantas vasculares (sendo 41 pteridófitas e 116 angiospermas), pertencentes a 48 famílias (10 de pteridófitas e 38 de angiospermas). As famílias de maior riqueza específica foram Orchidaceae, dentre as angiospermas, com 27 espécies e Pteridaceae, dentre as pteridófitas, apresentando 11 espécies. O hábito mais representativo foi o herbáceo (124 spp.), destacando-se as espécies epífitas (42 spp.), que perfazem cerca de 25% de todas as espécies registradas na área. Doze espécies estão incluídas na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção no estado de Minas Gerais (duas pteridófitas e 10 angiospermas). O elevado número de espécies encontradas em uma área consideravelmente pequena ressalta a importância deste fragmento para a diversidade da Serra Negra e aponta para a necessidade de implantação de um plano de ação para sua conservação.
BackgroundCurrent evidence suggests that for more robust estimates of species tree and divergence times, several unlinked genes are required. However, most phylogenetic trees for non-model organisms are based on single sequences or just a few regions, using traditional sequencing methods. Techniques for massive parallel sequencing or next generation sequencing (NGS) are an alternative to traditional methods that allow access to hundreds of DNA regions. Here we use this approach to resolve the phylogenetic incongruence found in Polystachya Hook. (Orchidaceae), a genus that stands out due to several interesting aspects, including cytological (polyploid and diploid species), evolutionary (reticulate evolution) and biogeographical (species widely distributed in the tropics and high endemism in Brazil). The genus has a notoriously complicated taxonomy, with several sections that are widely used but probably not monophyletic.MethodsWe generated the complete plastid genome of 40 individuals from one clade within the genus. The method consisted in construction of genomic libraries, hybridization to RNA probes designed from available sequences of a related species, and subsequent sequencing of the product. We also tested how well a smaller sample of the plastid genome would perform in phylogenetic inference in two ways: by duplicating a fast region and analyzing multiple copies of this dataset, and by sampling without replacement from all non-coding regions in our alignment. We further examined the phylogenetic implications of non-coding sequences that appear to have undergone hairpin inversions (reverse complemented sequences associated with small loops).ResultsWe retrieved 131,214 bp, including coding and non-coding regions of the plastid genome. The phylogeny was able to fully resolve the relationships among all species in the targeted clade with high support values. The first divergent species are represented by African accessions and the most recent ones are among Neotropical species.DiscussionOur results indicate that using the entire plastid genome is a better option than screening highly variable markers, especially when the expected tree is likely to contain many short branches. The phylogeny inferred is consistent with the proposed origin of the genus, showing a probable origin in Africa, with later dispersal into the Neotropics, as evidenced by a clade containing all Neotropical individuals. The multiple positions of Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet in the phylogeny are explained by allotetraploidy. Polystachya estrellensis Rchb.f. can be considered a genetically distinct species from P. concreta and P. foliosa (Lindl.) Rchb.f., but the delimitation of P. concreta remains uncertain. Our study shows that NGS provides a powerful tool for inferring relationships at low taxonomic levels, even in taxonomically challenging groups with short branches and intricate morphology.
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