Global warming and extreme temperatures are predicted in the future, hence identification of appropriate varieties that could adapt to such changes is imperative for sustaining crop productivity. Thirty‐five early maturing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm accessions were evaluated for their tolerance to heat stress. Plant traits such as plant width, flowering duration, days to maturity, pod number, seed weight, grain yield and per‐day productivity were affected under heat stress. Genotypes differed in their sensitivity to heat stress, and the yield loss among genotypes varied from 10 to 15% of potential yield for every degree increase in temperature beyond the optimum temperature range. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the plant trait expression can be predicted accurately for the assumed change in climate on the basis of mean temperature, daylength, duration of bright sunshine, incident solar radiation, relative humidity, wind velocity, and potential evaporation. Mitigation of heat stress by irrigation and application of additional nitrogen to the crop resulted in sustaining the potential yield (up to 80%). ICC 14346 showed high tolerance to heat stress and could be used as a parent in crop improvement research. ICC 5597, ICC 5829, ICC 6121, ICC 7410, ICC 11916, ICC 13124, ICC 14284, ICC 14368, and ICC 14653 were heat stress tolerant, responsive to irrigation and nitrogen management, and consistently high yielding (>1400 kg ha−1) compared with the control ICCV 92944 (1333 kg ha−1).
Chickpea is third most important grain legume grown in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In spite of vast germplasm accessions available in different genebanks, there has been very limited use of these accessions in genetic enhancement of chickpea. However, in recent years specialized germplasm sub sets like global composite collection, core collection, mini core collection and reference set have been developed. In parallel, significant genomic resources like molecular markers including simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single nucleotide polymorphsims (SNPs), Diversity Arrays Technologies (DArT) and transcript sequences e.g. expressed sequence tags (ESTs), short transcript reads have been developed. By using SSR, SNP and DArT markers, integrated genetic maps have been developed. It is anticipated that use of genomic resources and specialized germplasm sub sets such as mini core collection and reference set will facilitate identification of trait-specific germplasm, trait mapping and allele mining for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and for agronomic traits. Recent advances in genomics and bioinformatics offer the possibility of undertaking large scale sequencing of germplasm accessions so that modern breeding approaches such as genomic selection and breeding by design can be realized in near future for chickpea improvement.
In chickpea, bottlenecks associated with its domestication and low use of germplasm in improvement programs have resulted in a narrow genetic base and its vulnerability to abiotic and biotic stresses. The core and mini core collections, representing diversity in the entire collection, have been advocated for enhanced utilization of germplasm in crop improvement. A chickpea mini core (211 accessions) was evaluated for agronomic traits from 2000 and 2001 to 2003 and 2004 in post‐rainy seasons under irrigated and non‐irrigated conditions. The published information on the response of chickpea mini core accessions to stress revealed that 40 accessions had resistance to abiotic stress, 31 to biotic stress, and 24 had no resistance to either of the stresses. The abiotic and biotic stress resistant groups had six accessions in common. The mini core collection accessions were also a part of composite collection accessions in chickpea, which was genotyped using 48 simple sequence repeats (SSRs; BMC Plant Biol. 8:106, 2008). The agronomic evaluation, stress response, and molecular profiling data on 93 accessions, including four controls, were used to identify genetically diverse germplasm with agronomically beneficial traits. A number of genetically diverse accessions possessing agronomically beneficial traits, such as ICC 440, 637, 1098, 3325, 3362, 4872, 7441, 8621, 9586, 10399, 12307, 14402, 15680, and 15686, which meet breeders’ needs, have been identified for use in breeding and genetics to map genomic regions associated with beneficial traits and as source materials for developing high yielding and widely adapted chickpea cultivars with multiple resistance to abiotic and biotic stress.
Iron and zinc are essential minerals in human and animal nutrition. Low genetic variability has been a major bottleneck in genetic enhancement of the nutritional status of food crops and/or cultivars. Recently, peanut {Arachis hypogaea L.) Is gaining importance as a food in the world.
The ICRISAT genebank, Patancheru, India holds 22,211 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries, including 19,063 landraces. Among these, 15,904 landraces that were geo-referenced are either thermo-sensitive (52.5%), or photoperiod-sensitive (45.6%), or insensitive to both temperature and photoperiod (2%). Latitude ranges of 10–15°N with 39.6% and 15–20°S with 13.1% of total accessions are the important regions for pearl millet germplasm. A study on climate data of the germplasm collection sites revealed that most accessions from latitudes ranging from 10 to 20° on both sides of the equator were highly sensitive to longer photoperiod (>12.5 h) and/or lower temperature ( < 12°C). Accessions that originated in locations at higher latitudes (>20–35°) on both the hemispheres exhibited low sensitivity to both photoperiod and low temperature, as they were exposed to such climates during their evolution. The accessions that are insensitive to both photoperiod and temperature were few but they originated from locations spread across all latitudes, although the highest numbers were from mid-latitudes (15–20°) in both hemispheres. As germplasm accessions are sensitive to climatic variables such as temperature and photoperiod, recording of location-specific geo-reference data while collecting the germplasm, which can help to elucidate the sensitivity of accessions to temperature and photoperiod, is emphasized. Critical evaluation of photoperiod-sensitive accessions that are late flowering for forage production and the photoperiod-insensitive early-maturing accessions for grain production, multiple cropping and development of parental lines with synchronized flowering for the development of hybrids is suggested.
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