In this study, we propose a nonlinear Bayesian extension of the Lee–Carter (LC) model using a single-stage procedure with a dimensionality reduction neural network (NN). LC is originally estimated using a two-stage procedure: dimensionality reduction of data by singular value decomposition followed by a time series model fitting. To address the limitations of LC, which are attributed to the two-stage estimation and insufficient model fitness to data, single-stage procedures using the Bayesian state-space (BSS) approaches and extensions of flexibility in modeling by NNs have been proposed. As a fusion of these two approaches, we propose a NN extension of LC with a variational autoencoder that performs the variational Bayesian estimation of a state-space model and dimensionality reduction by autoencoding. Despite being a NN model that performs single-stage estimation of parameters, our model has excellent interpretability and the ability to forecast with confidence intervals, as with the BSS models, without using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.
This study clariˆes abilities that enable``sympathy of movement'' (Mitvollziehen der Bewegung). Moreover, it discusses the methodological directionality to expand these abilities from coaches' and researchers' standpoints, usingˆve discussions by highlighting Husserl's Phenomenology.``Sympathy of movement'' refers to sympathizing with an athlete's performance and interpreting their experience from a coaching perspective. Previously, Kaneko indicated that``sympathy of movement'' is performed using three coaching activities: the observation of movement,``inquiry,'' and``virtual self-movement.'' Using these activities, coaches can consider and provide appropriate advice for each individual. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of expanding these abilities; however, the manner in which these abilities should be expanded has yet to be clariˆed. Thus, this study employs three activities to clarify a methodological directionality to expand these abilities from a phenomenological perspective. In addition, it usesˆve discussions to indicate the necessity for coaches to learn the diŠerence between external and internal standpoints on performance. Furthermore, researchers should focus on the phenomenological perspective.
This study sheds light on researchers' understanding of athletes' pure experience and consciousness with the aim of advancing the researchˆeld of pure experience and consciousness to make sport coaching more e‹cient in enabling high performance. To discuss questions regarding researchers' understanding of athletes' pure experience and consciousness, this study proposes a philosophical idea to interpret athletes' pure experience and consciousness in performance using an ideographic approach with interviews based on phenomenology. In this approach, this research focuses on one elite high jumper who is a winner of the Japan National Championships to explore his pure experience and consciousness that have enabled his high performance.
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