No abstract

Relaxin, a peptide hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during pregnancy, exerts actions on reproductive tissues such as the pubic symphysis, uterus, and cervix. It may also influence body fluid balance by actions on the brain to stimulate thirst and vasopressin secretion. We mapped the sites in the brain that are activated by i.v. infusion of a dipsogenic dose of relaxin (25 g͞h) by immunohistochemically detecting Fos expression. Relaxin administration resulted in increased Fos expression in the subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), median preoptic nucleus, and magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Ablation of the SFO abolished relaxininduced water drinking, but did not prevent increased Fos expression in the OVLT, supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei. Although ablation of the OVLT did not inhibit relaxin-induced drinking, it did cause a large reduction in Fos expression in the supraoptic nucleus and posterior magnocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus. In vitro single-unit recording of electrical activity of neurons in isolated slices of the SFO showed that relaxin (10 ؊7 M) added to the perfusion medium caused marked and prolonged increase in neuronal activity. Most of these neurons also responded to 10 ؊7 M angiotensin II. The data indicate that bloodborne relaxin can directly stimulate neurons in the SFO to initiate water drinking. It is likely that circulating relaxin also stimulates neurons in the OVLT that influence vasopressin secretion. These two circumventricular organs that lack a blood-brain barrier may have regulatory influences on fluid balance during pregnancy in rats.R elaxin is a peptide hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary during pregnancy. Relaxin acts on reproductive tissues such as the pubic symphysis, uterus, and cervix (1, 2), but it may also influence the brain (3). Evidence of this influence is presented in reports that the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) (1) injection of relaxin results in stimulation of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion, water drinking, and a pressor response (3-8). i.c.v. administration of relaxin also stimulates increased expression of c-fos in groups of neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as in the subfornical organ (SFO), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) (9). Circulating relaxin probably has endocrine actions on the brain, because high-affinity-binding sites for relaxin are present in the SFO and OVLT of the rat (10), two brain regions that are accessible to circulating relaxin because they lack a blood-brain barrier (11). Also, i.v. infusion of relaxin causes vasopressin secretion and water drinking in the rat, effects that may be mediated through brain angiotensinergic mechanisms (12,13). Evidence that relaxin [together with other hormones such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and vasopressin] plays a physiological role in regulating body fluid homeostasis d...

BackgroundAgenesis of the corpus callosum is associated with many human developmental syndromes. Key mechanisms regulating callosal formation include the guidance of axons arising from pioneering neurons in the cingulate cortex and the development of cortical midline glial populations, but their molecular regulation remains poorly characterised. Recent data have shown that mice lacking the transcription factor Nfib exhibit callosal agenesis, yet neocortical callosal neurons express only low levels of Nfib. Therefore, we investigate here how Nfib functions to regulate non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of callosal formation.ResultsOur investigations confirmed a reduction in glial cells at the midline in Nfib-/- mice. To determine how this occurs, we examined radial progenitors at the cortical midline and found that they were specified correctly in Nfib mutant mice, but did not differentiate into mature glia. Cellular proliferation and apoptosis occurred normally at the midline of Nfib mutant mice, indicating that the decrease in midline glia observed was due to deficits in differentiation rather than proliferation or apoptosis. Next we investigated the development of callosal pioneering axons in Nfib-/- mice. Using retrograde tracer labelling, we found that Nfib is expressed in cingulate neurons and hence may regulate their development. In Nfib-/- mice, neuropilin 1-positive axons fail to cross the midline and expression of neuropilin 1 is diminished. Tract tracing and immunohistochemistry further revealed that, in late gestation, a minor population of neocortical axons does cross the midline in Nfib mutants on a C57Bl/6J background, forming a rudimentary corpus callosum. Finally, the development of other forebrain commissures in Nfib-deficient mice is also aberrant.ConclusionThe formation of the corpus callosum is severely delayed in the absence of Nfib, despite Nfib not being highly expressed in neocortical callosal neurons. Our results indicate that in addition to regulating the development of midline glial populations, Nfib also regulates the expression of neuropilin 1 within the cingulate cortex. Collectively, these data indicate that defects in midline glia and cingulate cortex neurons are associated with the callosal dysgenesis seen in Nfib-deficient mice, and provide insight into how the development of these cellular populations is controlled at a molecular level.