Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has an inhibitory function on T cells and is critical for the induction of peripheral tolerance. CTLA-4 +49 G allele affects the CTLA-4 function and has been reported to be correlated with a higher risk of various autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). The present study was conducted to investigate the association between the polymorphism of the CTLA-4 exon 1+49 A/G and susceptibility to TID and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Kurds living in Iranian Kurdistan. The+49 A/G polymorphism was analyzed in 60 patients with T1D, 56 patients with T2D and 107 control subjects using PCR Single-strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. All studied populations (T1D, T2D and Controls) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p, 0.39, 0.94 and 0.89, respectively). Both+49 G allele (p = 0. 015, OR = 1.86) and +49 A/G genotype frequencies (p = 0. 012, OR = 2.31) were significantly higher in T1D patients than control. There was significant over-representation of the G allele in female T1D patients. No significant differences in +49 G allele and +49 A/G genotype frequencies were found between T2D and control subjects. SSCP analysis did not show new mutation in the amplified segment. The results of this study indicate that CTLA-4+49 A/G gene polymorphism confers genetic susceptibility to T1D but not T2D in the Kurdish population living in Iranian Kurdistan and women carrying the +49 G allele are at greater risk of getting T1D than men having the G allele.

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Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic parasitic protozoan, which is a causative agent of serious complications such as abortion in pregnant women or fetal still birth. The aim of this study was evaluating the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis infection in diabetic pregnant women from Sanandaj, Kurdistan, west of Iran. Methods: In this study 136 serum samples from diabetic pregnant women were collected from referred to the Toohid hospital diabetes center during June 2018 to October 2019 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, west of Iran. IgM and IgG titers were evaluated by ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software and using Chi-Square and Fisher tests. Results: The ELISA method showed 35(25.7%) and 7(5.1%) of diabetic pregnant women were positive for IgG and IgM T.gondii antibodies respectively. There was statistically significant relationship between toxoplasma infection and education, gestational age and number of parity. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that public awareness and education about toxoplasmosis and its transmission routes before pregnancy may be effective in preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic parasitic protozoan, which is a causative agent of serious complications such as abortion or fetal still birth in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was evaluating the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors in diabetic pregnant women (case) in comparison with non-diabetic pregnant women (control) from Sanandaj, Kurdistan, west of Iran. Methods: In this case-control study Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were tested in 91 cases as well as 90 controls from referred the Toohid hospital diabetes center using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method during June 2018 to October 2019 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, west of Iran. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 19 and using Chi-Square and Fisher tests.Results: The seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma IgG in case group was 33% and 15.6% in the control group (p = 0.006) showing a statistically significant difference between groups, while for anti-Toxoplasma IgM (p = 0.31) showing no statistically significant differences between two groups. A significant relationship was observed between age (p = 0.024) and abortion history (p = 0.05) with anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in cases and controls.Conclusion: The results of current study indicated statistically significant relationship between diabetes and toxoplasmosis. The abortion history and increase of age was found to be a major T. gondii infection risk factor.