This study successfully synthesized a core-shell-shell in the form of CoFe 2 O 4 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 catalyst magnetic and recyclable. The catalyst was employed for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye. Subsequently, the catalyst was subjected to XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, VSM, as well as UV-DRS characterizations. The photocatalytic degradation was studied as a function of the solution pH, MO concentration, and irradiation time, while the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation and the catalyst reusability were also evaluated. On the basis of the XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS characterizations, the CoFe 2 O 4 coating was successfully carried out using SiO 2 and TiO 2 . CoFe 2 O 4 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 was discovered to possess magnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 17.59 emu/g and a bandgap value of 2.4 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of MO followed the Langmuir-Hishelwood model. The optimum degradation was obtained at the MO concentration of 25 mg/L, solution pH of 4, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, irradiation time of 160 minutes, MO removal efficiency achieved 93.46%. The regeneration study showed CoFe 2 O 4 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 after 5 cycles were able to catalyze the photocatalytic degradation with an MO removal efficiency of 89.96%.
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB is one of the enormous waste expected to become a renewable energy source. This study aimed to convert OPEFB into syngas through a gasification process using bentonite as a catalyst. The effects of temperature and product gas catalysts were investigated, and the efficiency of the gasification process was summarized. The process has used an updraft gasifier at 350-550 °C and air as the gasification medium (ER 0.2). The results indicate that syngas can be produced by updraft gasifier. When the temperature increase, the H2 and CO rising. The highest H2 and CO content of 27.74% and 20.43% are obtained at 550°C when bentonite applied. HHV and LHV range of 3.38~12.79 MJ/Nm3 and 3.03~11.58 MJ/Nm3, respectively. The maximum carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) reach 85.49% and 82.34%. Bentonite has been able to increase the concentration of the gas composition especially H2 and CO and the heating value of syngas.
The rapid progress of the CPO industry in Indonesia is not in line with good waste management and utilization. Palm empty fruit bunch, as the first waste from the CPO production process in Indonesia, is mostly piled on the ground. Palm empty fruit bunch must be processed to reduce pollution and increase its use-value. This study aimed to convert oil palm empty fruit bunches solid waste through the gasification process using Indonesia's natural zeolite into synthesis gas. Gasification takes place at 350-550°C by added 12.5% wt zeolite using a modified updraft gasifier. Good results were achieved at 550°C with a gas composition of 22.64% vol CH 4 , 29.22% vol CO, and 3.4% vol H 2. The gasification efficiency is evaluated through carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE). Both the highest CCE and CGE were found at 550°C by 95.74% and 81.65% respectively. The results showed that the gasification temperature has the greatest influence in driving higher carbon conversion to syngas and palm empty fruit bunches are very suitable for conversion into environmentally friendly syngas in the CPO industry.
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