Examination of a patient with chronic low back pain (LBP) is aimed at eliminating its specific cause and assessing the social and psychological factors of chronic pain. The diagnosis of chronic nonspecific (musculoskeletal) LBP is based on the exclusion of a specific cause of pain, discogenic radiculopathy, and lumbar stenosis. It is advisable to identify possible pain sources: pathology of intervertebral disc pathology, facet joints, and sacroiliac joint and myofascial syndrome.An integrated multidisciplinary approach (a high level of evidence), including therapeutic exercises, physical activity optimization, psychological treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy), an educational program (back pain school for patients), and manual therapy, is effective in treating chronic musculoskeletal LBP. For pain relief, one may use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in minimally effective doses and in a short cycle, muscle relaxants, and a capsaicin patch, and, if there is depressive disorder, antidepressants (a medium level of evidence). Radiofrequency denervation or therapeutic blockages with anesthetics and glucocorticoids (damage to the facet joints, sacroiliac joint), back massage, and acupuncture (a low level of evidence) may be used in some patients.Therapeutic exercises and an educational program (the prevention of excessive loads and prolonged static and uncomfortable postures and the use of correct methods for lifting weights, etc.) are recommended for preventive purposes.
7 620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3 У пациента с острой поясничной болью (ПБ) проводят оценку жалоб и данных анамнеза, краткое соматическое и неврологическое обследование, определяют наличие симптомов опасности. Диагноз острой неспецифической (скелетно-мышечной) ПБ основывается на исключении специфической причины боли (потенциально опасного заболевания), дискогенной радикулопатии и поясничного стеноза. В случаях типичной скелетно-мышечной боли, отсутствия симптомов опасности не рекомендуются проведение рентгенографии, рентгеновской компьютерной томографии, магнитно-резонансной томографии в первые 4 нед заболевания. Целесообразность их выполнения рассматривается при сохранении ПБ сверх этого времени. Пациент с острой неспецифической (скелетно-мышечной) ПБ должен быть проинформирован о благоприятном исходе заболевания, необходимости сохранять физическую и социальную активность, избегать постельного режима, при возможности продолжать профессиональную деятельность. Для облегчения боли можно использовать нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты в минимально эффективных дозах и коротким курсом, а также миорелаксанты (средний уровень доказательности). Части пациентов целесообразно назначить мануальную терапию и массаж спины (низкий уровень доказательности). Для предупреждения рецидивов ПБ рекомендуются образовательная программа (профилактика чрезмерных нагрузок, длительного пребывания в статических и неудобных позах, правильные способы подъема тяжестей и др.) и вне периода обострения -лечебная гимнастика. Ключевые слова: острая неспецифическая (скелетно-мышечная) поясничная боль; рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. Контакты: Вероника Александровна Головачева; xoxo.veronicka@gmail.com Для ссылки: Парфенов ВА, Яхно НН, Кукушкин МЛ и др. Острая неспецифическая (скелетно-мышечная) поясничная боль. Рекомендации Российского общества по изучению боли (РОИБ). Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018;10(2):4-11. Acute nonspecific (musculoskeletal) low back pain Guidelines of the Russian Society for the Study of Pain (RSSP)
Pain has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of central neuropathic pain in a MS course are not known. We hypothesized that changes in power spectral density (PSD) that take place in the electroencephalography (EEG) of MS patients with and without the central neuropathic pain (CNP) would differ. The study aimed to assess the features of quantitative EEG using the PSD indicator along with peak frequencies in the standard frequency bands in MS patients with and without CNP. We have analyzed the quantitative spectral content of the EEG at a resting state in 12 MS patients with CNP, 12 MS patients without CNP, and 12 gender-and age-matched healthy controls using fast Fourier transformation. Based on the ANOVA, at the group level, the theta band absolute and relative PSD showed an increase, whereas alpha band relative PSD showed a decrease in MS patients both with and without CNP. However, only in MS with CNP group, the absolute and relative PSD in the beta1 and beta2 bands increased and exceeded that in patients without pain. Only MS patients with CNP demonstrated the significantly increased absolute PSD for the theta, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands in most regions of interest. In the theta band, MS patients with CNP displayed the increase in absolute spectral power for the mid-temporal derivation of the right hemisphere and the increase in relative spectral power for the prefrontal derivation of this hemisphere. In the beta1 band, the increase in absolute spectral power was observed for the three temporal derivations of the right hemisphere, whereas in the beta2 band, for the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes of both hemispheres. In the alpha band, only a relative spectral power decrease was revealed for the occipital lobes of both hemispheres and parietal lobe of the right hemisphere. In MS patients with CNP, the frequencies of the dominant spectral power (peak frequencies) in the high-frequency beta band were higher than in the healthy control in posterior areas of the left hemisphere. Data could represent central nervous system alterations related to central neuropathic pain in MS patients that lead to the disturbances in cortical communication.
Much attention is currently paid to non-dementia cognitive impairment, such as mild cognitive impairment and pre-mild cognitive decline (PMCD), since their timely detection and optimal correction increase the possibility of preventing dementia.Objective: to analyze the neuropsychological characteristics of patients with PMCD depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs): hypertension, cardiac disorders (ischemic heart disease, intracardiac conduction disturbance), and prior stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as diabetes mellitus.Patients and methods. Examinations were made in 182 patients (132 women, 50 men; mean age, 59.32±5.41 years) with PMCD and CVFRs, 101 patients (77 women, 24 men; mean age, 59.45±7.04 years) with PMCD without CVRFs, and 77 control persons (55 women, 22 men; mean age, 60.55±5.65 years). All underwent general clinical, neurological, and clinical psychological studies using rating scales and tests.Results and discussion. The patients with PMCD and CVRFs had lower scores on all neuropsychological tests than the control group and on most tests than the patients with PMCD without CVRFs. In addition to some deterioration in memory indicators, the patients with CVRFs performed worse executive function tests. Cluster analysis showed that in the patients with PMCD, the severity of cognitive decline was considerably affected by hypertension, cardiac disorders, and diabetes mellitus; among them, hypertension was of the most significance.Conclusion. The association of cognitive decline with the burden of CVRFs indicates their important role in the deterioration of cognitive functions in PMCD.
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