In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) is a microporous materials with structural formula Cu3(BTC)2 (1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate) were successfully synthesized using nonsurfactant templating method. The preparations of MOF-199 utilized different length of straight carbon chain (oleochemical) fatty alcohols derived from palm oil were similar to those reported earlier by our group with some modifications [1]. This new method led to unique structure and properties of as-synthesized MOF-199. The addition of fatty alcohols such as octyl (C8) and decyl (C10) alcohol act as renewable template onto MOF-199 generating the required carbon template for microporous crystalline structure [2]. The MOF-199 had been synthesized using conventional hydrothermal method with the present of fatty alcohols to analyse the resulting MOF-199 in terms of structure, morphology, surface area and adsorption isotherm. MOF-199 synthesized in this study exhibited single crystal orthorhombic morphology at ca. 30 micron. The crystallinity of MOF-199 materials was improved by the addition of fatty alcohols as observed in the X-Ray Diffraction patterns.
Copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199, also known as Cu-BTC and HKUST-1) materials were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using renewable straight-chain fatty alcohol with eight carbon chain length (i.e. octyl alcohol). The addition of palm oil derived fatty alcohol (PODFA) was suggested to act as porogen (structure directing agent) that aided the particle formation and flexible porous structure. This synthesis approach was environmental-friendly and sustainable by utilizing the fatty alcohols originated from biomass such as palm oil. The resulting MOF-199 materials exhibited single crystalline octahedral morphology structure by X-ray diffraction analyses and SEM images. The optimum ratio of octyl alcohol exhibited well-defined single octahedral particles at size range of ca. 10-50 µm and reduced by-product formation of cuprous oxide at high temperature synthesis. The nature of MOF-199 having apparently high surface area, high pore volume and low density provided the possibility in carbon capture storage. The CO2 adsorption capacity of MOF-199 investigated using high pressure volumetric analyser (HPVA-II) at ambient temperature (i.e. 25 °C) was found to be at maximum working capacity.
In this study, types of porous metal-organic framework materials namely MOF-5 (robust framework), MOF-199 (open framework) in the non ion-exchanged condition was compared in terms of hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity of the surface. The investigations were done using microcalorimetric measurements of heat of immersions in water. MOF-5 and MOF-199 were synthesized using plant-based polymer of palm oil derived fatty alcohols (PODFA) as porous template using "green" sol-gel approach. The synthesis approach applied was environmental-friendly by eliminating the use of organic solvents and surfactants substituting with water and PODFA. X-ray diffraction patterns of MOF-199 exhibited prominent reflection peaks assigned to octahedral structure with small peak shift while MOF-5 exhibited truncated and full cubic morphology. PODFA with longer aliphatic carbon chain exhibited higher porosity and pore volume. The addition of PODFA increased the homogeneity of the cubic and octahedral single crystals typically observed in MOF-5 and MOF-199 morphology. This was due to the increased in immiscibility of metal oxide precursors and organic linkers hence allowing reactions to occur from all directions. PODFA molecules were suggested to form self-assemblies at the air-water interface governed by surface tension auto-oscillations and formed clusters on which metal oxide and organic linker precursors bind with. The water adsorption isotherms of MOF-5 and MOF-199 prepared in this study exhibited "gate-opening" effect at lower relative pressure not observed in other nanoporous framework structure made up of two-components such as organosilica materials.
SiO2-Ag core-shell nanostructure with silica core (SiO2) and silver shell (Ag) nanoparticles with spherical morphology were successfully synthesized using a modified self-assembly sol-gel method. Ag nanoparticles at ca.10-50 nm were successfully attached on monodispersed silica spheres (SiO2) with diameter of ca. 450 nm. Renewable resources of palm oil, derived fatty alcohols (octyl-alcohol (C8), decyl-alcohol (C10) and dodecyl-alcohol (C12)) were employed as nonsurfactant surface modifiers prior to coating with Ag nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of calcined SiO2-Ag core-shell nanostructure prepared with surface modifiers exhibited amorphous structure of SiO2 (core) and face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of metallic Ag nanoparticles (shell). The results obtained in the present work demonstrated the feasibility of employing fatty alcohols as potential nonsurfactant surface modifiers in synthesizing SiO2-Ag core-shell.
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