Total number of died cashew trees was 1,075 equals to 5,106 kg kernel yield lost, worth Rp20.5 million. Infected trees showed leaf yellowing and defoliation leading to die. The lateral and taproots near collar were encrusted with gravel, earth, and brown mycelia sleeves. The fungus produced arthrospores and brown pigmentation on agar medium containing 0.05% gallic acid. An isolate of the fungus induced typical disease symptoms following inoculation on 5 month-old cashew seedlings. These results indicated that the causal agent of mass decline of cashew in Pekat District is Phellinus noxius. In field, the fungus also infects a barrier tree (Lannea coromandelica [Houtt.] Merr.) (Anacardiaceae), locally known as kedondong pagar or kayu bantenan.
ABSTRAKSalah satu kendala dalam melakukan uji ketahanan tanaman nilam terhadap penyakit layu dan uji patogenisitas isolat Ralstonia solanacearum adalah inokulasi R. solanacearum secara buatan pada tanaman nilam yang dilakukan di rumah kaca, seringkali tidak menunjukkan gejala layu yang khas seperti yang terjadi di lapangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan suatu metode inokulasi R. solanacearum yang tepat untuk pengujian ketahanan tanaman nilam terhadap penyakit layu dan uji patogenisitas isolat R. solanacearum.
<p><strong>Potency of antagonist bacteria in inhibiting the bacterial wilt disease progress ginger</strong></p><p>Bacterial wilt disease caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum is an important disease in ginger plant (Zingiber oicinale Rose.) in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of biological agents in inhibiting the progess of bacterial wilt on ginger. The research was conducted at the geenhouse of Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops in 1997-1998 then was followed with a ield experiment at Sukamulya Experimental Garden in 1998/1999. At the greenhouse experiment seven kinds of antagonists bacteria were formulated either individually or combination. Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF), P. cepacia (PC) and Bacillus sp. (BC), mixtue of PF + PC, mixtue of PC + BC, mixture of PF + BC, and mixtue of PF + PC + BC were tested in the geenhouse on ginger plant cultivars putih besar grown in the pot containing soil formerly used for growing P. solanacearum infected tomato. I he results of this experiment indicated that the combination of PF+PC+BC significantly suppressed the progress of bacterial wilt disease compaed to control and other tested combination. In the ield experiment carried out at the bacterial wilt disease endemic area the combinations of PF+PC+BC, Trichoderma harzianum (Bit-1) and combination of PF+PC+BC+BII-I were tested with two levels of application, i.e. two applications with two months interval and 4 application with one month interval. The results showed that the application of antagonists bacteria inhibited Ihe bacterial wilt disease progress and signiicantly increased ginger rhizome yield. The yield of the rhizome from the plants teated with different intervals were not different. However, the application of the antagonist bacteria were not able to eradicate ginger infection by Pseudomonas solanacearum thoroughly.</p>
<em>Budok is one of the most important patchouli diseases caused by </em>Synchytrium pogostemonis<em>,</em> <em>spread out through seeds, soil, and water. A research to develop botanical pesticides based on essential oils was conducted at Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crop Research Institute in 2014. The research was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of single formula of clove, eucalyptus, neem, and citronella oil against budok disease. Research was conducted in disease endemic area in Cimanggu Research Installation, Bogor. Single formula of clove, eucalyptus, neem, and citronella oils were tested their efficacy against budok disease. Two synthetic fungicides of benomyl and bourdeaux mixture were used as comparison, and water as control. One month-old healthy patchouli plants were sprayed with each essential oil (5ml.l<sup>-1</sup>), benomyl (3 g.l<sup>-1</sup>), and bourdeaux mixture (1%) every two weeks for 5 times respectively. Experiment was arranged in randomized completely block design (7 treatments, 3 replication, and 20 plants/replication). Neem oil was the most effective formula in suppressing budok disease incidence (58.30%) com</em><em>pared to citronella (33.30%), clove (26.65%), and eucalyptus (8.30%), although it was still lower than benomyl (100%) and bourdeaux mixture (100%). Application of neem oil, benomyl, and bourdeoux mixture could inhibit </em>S. pogostemonis<em> infection and budok disease development. However, the application of clove and citronella oils only capable of inhibiting budok disease development. Those tested essential oils are potential to be developed as botanical pesticides to control budok disease of patchouli. However, their efficacy should be increased by producing formula mixtures of those essential oils.</em>
<p><strong>Pestalotiopsis desseminata on cashew: its biology and interaction with Helopeltis antonii</strong></p><p>Pestalotiopsis desseminata is one of pathogens causing leaf spots. die-back of shoots and inflorescence of cashew plant. It is assumed there is an interaction between the attack of Helopeltis antonii and the fungus in Ihe ield so that the damage becomes more devastating. The objectives of (his research were to investigate several aspects of fungal biology (pathogenicity, mycelial growth, acervuli production, sensitivity to fungicides) and its interaction with //. antonii. The esearch was carried out from April 1999 to March 2000 at the laboratory and green house of Pest and Disease Department Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor. /' desseminata was diectly isolated from cashew leaves. Pathogenicity test of P. desseminata isolate was conducted on cashew seedlings. The fungal growth and fungicide effects were carried out in vitro on agar medium. The interaction between P. desseminata and H. antonii was examined by inoculating the fungus and insect, either individually or in combination, on cashew seedlings. The results showed that P. desseminata isolate fomis black spherical acervuli containing oblongs conidia with 5 cells, and the outermost cell has 3 flagellate. Acervuli could only be produced on the cultue illuminated continuously by 600 lux translucent lamp. Pathogenicity test of several isolates of /' desseminata on cashew seedlings caused spherical leaf spot symptom, individually or coalesced as bigger leaf spots. In vitro fungal mycelia growth could be suppressed by several fungicides, including bcnomyl 50% (I ppm) and Uiiopanate-mcthyl 70% (10 ppm) Combining inoculation between P. desseminata and //. antonii resulted in moe severe (devastating) die-back compared with individually inoculated.</p>
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