No decrease was observed in the amount of carbon monoxide and dioxide liberated in burning fireproofed fabrics made of Trevira CS fibre and a blend of Trevira CS and polyester fibre in comparison to nonfireproofed fabric. It is necessary to select flame-retardant systems capable of potentiating carbonization of polyester to obtain materials with low smoking and low toxicity of combustion products.Synthetic polymer materials ignite easily; their heat of combustion is much higher than for natural and man-made fibres, which results in a high rate of evolution of gas and smoke in burning [1]. In most cases, combustion of synthetic materials is accompanied by release of toxic products.Reducing the inflammability and combustibility of polymers has drawn important attention in recent years [2,3]. The standards requirements for safe use of finishing materials, including textiles, in interiors and some kinds of transport regulate the toxicity index of combustion products and the smoke-forming factor. However, use of fireproofing agents for textiles by relatively effectively reducing their inflammability can increase the yield of toxic gaseous products of thermal decomposition and smoke formation. For this reason, the fireproofing composition must not only inhibit combustion but also reduce smoke formation and the toxicity of combustion products.The many studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fireproofing of textiles made from natural and synthetic fibres showed that compositions based on reactive phosphorus-containing compounds are the most effective fireproofing agents that allow manufacturing hardly ignitable fabrics (GOST R 5081095).We report data on the toxicity of combustion products and smoking of textile materials with different methods of fireproofing (surface treatment and modification of the fibre during synthesis), chemical composition, and ratio of different fibres in the material.Fireproof polyester fibres made by incorporating phosphorus-containing compounds in the polymer chain in copolycondensation have appeared on the Russian market. These fibres are sold under the trade names Trevira CS and Firex FR. The materials made from these fibres are hardly inflammable. The fabrics are made of a blend of fireproof and nonfireproof polyester fibres to reduce the cost. It was found that the material remains hardly inflammable when it contains up to 50% nonfireproof fibre.The toxicity of the products of decomposition of polyester materials of different composition was investigated according to GOST 12.1.04489, §4.20. The sample was placed in the combustion chamber parallel to the radiation panel 60 mm from the radiation surface, creating a heat flux density of 23 to 44 kW/m 2 (450-650°C). The products of thermooxidative decomposition or combustion of the sample were collected in the exposure chamber connected to the precombustion chamber. The values of the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and oxygen (O 2 ) were determined. The effect of the fireproofing compositions on the yi...
The flameproofing indexes of polyester materials made of polymers containing 2-methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxo-2-phospholane added during copolycondensation were investigated. It was found that such process indexes as the effective melt viscosity and molecular weight of the polymer determine the flameproofing indexes of the materials obtained.The fire safety of materials can be ensured by developing new, effective methods of reducing the combustibility of polymers, including poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polyester fibres and yarns occupy the leading positions among chemical fibres with respect to production and consumption volumes and are widely used both in pure form and blended with other fibres where problems of fire safety are extremely pressing: as decorative and upholstery materials, tulle drapery articles, work clothes, etc. The study of thermal and thermooxidative degradation of polyester materials in the presence of flame retardants (FR) of different composition showed that phosphorus-containing FR should be used to reduce their combustibility. These FR slow thermooxidative degradation in the temperature range from the onset of intensive decomposition of the modified polymer, decrease the intensity of separation of hot volatile products of degradation, and increase the carbonizabiity of the polymer [1].Three directions can be distinguished in modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to reduce the combustibility [2, 3]: addition of FR to the polymer melt; chemical modification; surface treatment of the finished fabric. The first two methods are the most effective.Addition of FR to the polymer melt allows using ordinary polymer processing technology and ensures stability of the flameproofing effect in repeated washings. The difficulty of selecting the FR prevents wide use of the method, since it must retain thermal stability up to 300°C, be easily dosed, melt during processing of the polymer, or have a high degree of dispersion.Chemical modification consists of reaction of the FR with the functional groups of the polymer during synthesis, i.e., the FR is added to the polycondensation reaction in different stages. This method of modification of the polymer is used on the industrial scale in Germany, which manufactures a flameproof fibre under the trade name of Trevira CS. 2-Methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxo-2-phospholane is used as the FR in production of Trevira CS [4]. For a 0.6-0.8% phosphorus content in the copolymer, the oxygen index of the material attains 28-29%.However, incorporation of FR in the polymer chain can result in structural and chemical inhomogeneity of the polymer and increase the number of defects. The resulting change in the properties of the polymer, including the melting point and melt viscosity, not only complicate further processing of the modified polymer, but can also affect the flameproofing indexes of the materials obtained.
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