Objectives: The study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of dental caries in primary school children. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 657 primary school children from South East, Nigeria. Data on age, sex, birth rank, dental visits, oral hygiene status, and enamel defects were collected. The presence of dental caries was recorded by using the World Health Organization criteria. Mean DMFT/dmft scores were determined and SPSS version 21 was used for analysis. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were conducted and P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study participants were 316 (48.1%) males and 341 (51.9%) females, and their mean age was 8.41 ± 2.18 years. The prevalence of caries was 22.7% while the mean DMFT and dmft scores were 0.10 and 0.45, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between birth rank (P = 0.04), oral hygiene status (P = 0.05), enamel defects (P < 0.001), and dental caries. Multivariate regression analysis showed that good oral hygiene (OR = 0.180, CI: 0.036-1.003, P = 0.04), fair oral hygiene (OR = 0.576, CI: 0.345-0.993, P = 0.04) and enamel defects (OR = 4.939, CI = 2.406-10.137, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of caries in this study. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries in this study was high. Oral hygiene and enamel defects were predictors of dental caries in the study population.
The results of proximate analysis of five tropical forage species and two forms of conserved forage over sampling period of 147 days of dry Season are presented. Three plots of one Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), one plot of Cynodon nlemfuensis (giant star grass) and one plot of Centrosema pubesceus (centro) were used as sample plots. Trends indicated in the results suggest a general decline in crude protein, ether extract, dry yields and ash, and a progressive increase in crude fiber, dry matter content and nitrogen free extract from the conset the dry season in early November to the first rains in March in the next year, when trends were reversed. In the standing forage samples the mean values of the species were significantly different in all proximate constituents. These differences were generally higher between grass and centrosema than among grasses. There were also significant periodic effects between sampling dates for chemical constituents except ash which showed no significant periodic effect at 5% level. These differences were concentrated mainly within the few weeks of dry season. The mean crude protein values of grasses and grass silage during most of the dry season period fell substantially below the 6% level which is considered the minimum value for maintenance of Nigerian indigenous Fulani cattle. Dry season grass pasture and grass silage should therefore be supplemented for protein as from late November. Where legume pasture or hay is available and constitutes up to 20% of the roughage ration, supplementation does not appear to be necessary for cattle until late December, under Nsukka conditions.
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