Functional data analysis (FDA) has been widely applied in various scientific fields, including climatological, hydrological, environmental, and biomedical. The flexibility of the FDA in incorporating temporal elements into the statistical analysis makes the method highly demanded compared to the conventional statistical approach. This study introduces FDA methods to investigate the variations and patterns of rainfall throughout Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 16 rain gauge stations in Peninsular Malaysia from 1999 to 2019. A descriptive statistic of the functional data depicted the mean and variation of the rainfall curve over time, while the functional principal component analysis measured the temporal variability of the rainfall curve. According to the findings, the first and second principal components accounted for 87.4% of all variations. The first principal component was highly characterised by the stations over the eastern region during the northeast monsoon since the highest variability was observed from November to January. On the other hand, the stations impacted by the inter-monsoon season were best described by the second principal component. Based on the factor scores derived from the functional principal component, those rain gauge stations with comparable features were then clustered. Overall, the results showed that the rainfall pattern is strongly influenced by their geographical and topographical features and the seasonal monsoon effect.
Mangrove forest in Kuala Selangor has seen to be depleting over the years. This study believes that domestic waste disposal is considered as one of the treats to mangrove forest. Local community must play their role in protecting the mangrove forest. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of the community on the importance of mangrove, level of awareness on the impact of domestic waste disposal to mangroves and their level of practice on proper domestic waste management. Besides, this study aims to identify the correlation between community awareness with knowledge and practice. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. The finding shows that the level of knowledge of the community on the importance of sustaining mangrove forest is high (n=256, 85.3%), the level of awareness of community on the impact of domestic waste disposal is also high (Mean=4.48), while the level of community practice on proper domestic waste management is moderate (Mean=3.9). The correlation test showed that there was a negligible correlation between knowledge and awareness of community (r=0.14, <0.05, n=300) and also weak positive correlation between awareness and practice with (r=0.33, p<0.01, n=300. The finding suggests community with great knowledge does not necessarily have great awareness as well not necessarily with great awareness, community will practice good waste management to secure mangrove forests. Thus, this study recommends strictly enforcing all parties to comply/implementing control at source method, or develop appropriate management plans to reduce domestic waste disposal at mangrove areas.
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