This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) and a modified spatial 2-back task to investigate spatial working memory in binge drinking (BD) college students. Based on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ) scores, participants were assigned into BD (n = 25) and non-BD (n = 25) groups. The modified spatial 2-back task includes congruent, incongruent, and lure conditions and participants are required to respond as rapidly and accurately as possible to the congruent stimuli but not to the incongruent and lure stimuli. The BD and non-BD groups exhibited comparable performances on the spatial 2-back task but the BD group showed significantly larger P3 amplitudes than the non-BD group. Additionally, the non-BD group showed larger P3 amplitudes in response to the congruent stimuli compared to the incongruent and lure stimuli whereas the P3 amplitudes in the BD group did not differ significantly among the three conditions. These results indicate that the BD individuals exerted greater effort to maintain performance levels comparable to non-BD individuals and that they were less efficient in differentiating or allocating attentional resources between relevant and irrelevant information.
19This study investigated the ability to use feedback for decision making in female college 20 students who binge drink (BD) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and event-related potentials 21 (ERPs). Twenty-seven binge drinkers and 23 non-binge drinkers (non-BD) were identified based on 22 scores on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Test and the Alcohol Use Questionnaire. 23 The IGT consists of four cards, including two cards that result in a net loss, with large immediate 24 gains but greater losses in the long term, and two cards that result in a net gain, with small immediate 25 gains but reduced losses in the long term. Participants were required to choose one card at a time to 26 maximize profit until the end of the task while avoiding losses. The BD group showed a significantly 27 lower total net score than the non-BD group, indicating that the BD group chose more 28 disadvantageous cards. The BD group showed significantly smaller ΔFRN amplitudes (difference in 29 amplitudes of feedback-related negativity [FRN] between gain and loss feedback) except in P3. 30Additionally, ΔFRN amplitudes in the fronto-central area were positively correlated with the total net 31 score and net scores for sectors 4 and 5. Thus, total net scores and later performance on the IGT 32 increased as ΔFRN amplitudes from the fronto-central area increased. FRN is known to reflect early 33 feedback evaluation employing a bottom-up mechanism, whereas P3 is known to reflect late feedback 34 processing and allocation of attentional resources using a top-down mechanism. These results indicate 35 that college students who binge drink have deficits in early evaluation of positive or negative 36 feedback and that this deficit may be related to decision making deficits. 37 38 Event-related potentials, P3 40 3 41 5 90 feedback valence (gain or loss) [60] and is associated with activation of the midbrain dopaminergic 91 system [61]. Additionally, reinforcement-learning theory suggests that FRN reflects prediction errors, 92i.e., the difference between actual feedback and personal expectation [48,62,63] 93 P3, another ERP component related to feedback utilization, is a positive peak observed in 94 central-parietal areas at 275-700 ms post feedback [48,59]. P3 is known to be sensitive not only to 95 feedback valence but also to feedback magnitude and probability [60,[63][64][65][66]. It has been suggested 96 that P3 reflects activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and processing of task-97 relevant information to maximize decision making efficiency [67]. In other words, P3 reflects, unlike 98 FRN, a top-down mechanism that processes and evaluates feedback-related information in detail 99 [48,63]. 100Alcohol consumption affects feedback utilization. A study that used a gambling task and 101 measured ERPs found that the alcohol consumption group exhibited significantly lower FRN 102 amplitudes in response to both gain and loss feedback, especially to loss feedback, than did a placebo 103 group, indicating that alcohol...
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