Gender-based violence has been an enormous family and social issue in human history. Not a single country or nation is free from domestic violence and abuse against women. In particular, violence against female-intimate partner has become an endemic social issue at an alarming rate in Pakistan. Generally, it is regarded as a personal family matter and has become widely spread in the urban and rural areas of the country. Traditionally, women have to bear discrimination, subjugation, and violence in the daily routine that is grounded in the misuse of tribal traditions, social customs, and cultural norms. However, there is little focus on its assessment, intervention, prevention, and strategic solutions in the country. The present research tends to discuss violence issues relating to female-intimate partner in the Pakistani context. The findings identify that certain factors promote violence while Islamic philosophy suggests preventative measures and eradication strategies for violation and brutality against female-intimate partner. The study employs an analytical methodology using content analysis to review textual data of the Qur’an, Hadith, reports, and articles. The study approaches the issue differently from an Islamic theoretical framework and would be imperative for practical application in the protection and care of female-intimate partner in Pakistani society. Received: 15 October 2020 / Accepted: 23 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2020
After 9/11 attacks Pakistan joined the anti-terrorists block like United States, and gave much support to them against insurgent and terrorist groups in Afghanistan. Therefore Pakistan is also facing more difficulties and complexities, like death and destruction because of frontline ally. The consequences of those policies also brought terrorism in Pakistan, to counter that terrorism Pakistan use hard powers and military operations for its elimination. Terrorism and military operation has a strong effect on the behavior of people and plays destructive role in the disturbance of people's lives and government activities in the region. In Malakand division where the literacy is low, people have strong belief on religion, having strict cultural norms therefore it was easy for insurgent groups that they misguide the innocent people with misinterpretation of religion. According to research government negligence was responsible for terrorism and military operations in the region. But government did not use and tried all other measures particularly diplomatic means or peace deal, before resorting to operation. This all lacks open room for insurgent groups to have footing there in Malakand division.
Conflict in the form of military operation, terrorism or civil war has a strong effect on the behavior of people and plays destructive role in the activities of government and public lives in the regions. Conflict of one state with another occurs many times for scarce resources but sometimes secondary sources also involved like border or terrorism issues etc. In this research paper main elements of conflict and military operation have been investigated and discussed. There were some effective elements that promoted conflict in the regions. First is the bad administration and lack of good governance that weakens local loyalty for the government. Second was of government's negligence and wrong policies towards particular issues and areas. Third were economic dislocation, fourth illiteracy, strict culture norms and negative use of media instruments. The media instruments have been used by interest groups to mould the public opinion in their favor. These all elements have open rooms for insurgent groups to have footing and to exploit the situation according to their agenda. In this research paper solutions for conflicts also have been examined by references of different theories and practical examples.
Purpose: This study investigates the influence of religion on the voting behavior of the electorates of district Buner of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the 2013 general elections. The study empirically reveals the inclination of the people while considering religion as a determinant of voting behavior. Methodology: Data for this work has been collected through a personally administered structured questionnaire. A sample representative size of 385 respondents was selected through a multi-stage-sample-method in a survey. SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 21 has been used for the determination of P-value through the Chi-Square test. Results: This investigation contended that voters consider religion as a significant determinant of voting behavior. They also support the participation of Ulama (religious scholars) in politics. Further, the study discovered that the majority of the electorates do not keep the religious affairs of the candidate in mind while making their choices. On polling day, the role of religion does not significantly affect the preferences of the people. Applications: Results of the study shows that religion and voting behavior are interrelated. While analyzing electoral politics and voting choices, it is pertinent to consider the religion of the electorates. Novelty/Originality: Electorates favor the role of religion in politics, but on polling day, majority voters do not care about religion.
A triangular alliance was made among Pakistan, China and the United States to oppose the Soviet's presence in Afghanistan.
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