Background: Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster) is a worldwide used mushroom, known to have a wide range of nutrients. Effects of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Oyster and its isolated proteins on the production profiles and bio health markers in broiler birds were evaluated in the present research. Methods: Four hundred and twenty, day-old Ross-308 broiler birds were distributed into seven groups with sixty number of birds in each group (N=60). Each group was divided into three subgroups with twenty number of birds in each subgroup (N=20). The first group was selected as control (CONT) with no treatment and other six groups were supplemented orally with the mushroom protein at a dose of 200 (Pr200) and 400mg/Kg BW (Pr400), an aqueous extract of mushroom at a dose of 200 (Aq200) and 400mg/Kg BW (Aq400) and ethanolic extract of mushroom at a dose of 200 (Eth200) and 400mg/Kg BW (Eth400) respectively. On day 28th of the experiment, 1st sub-group of each group was evaluated for cell-mediated immunity by assessing the lymphoproliferative reaction to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P; Toe web assay) and the humoral immune reaction was evaluated in the 2nd subgroup of each group by antibody reaction to sheep red blood cells (sRBCs; Hemagglutination assay). On day 42, serum was separated by slaughtering (decapitation) all the birds and evaluated for the oxidative stress, lipid profile, blood glucose level, and immune parameters. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tuckey range tests, and geometric mean titer (GMT) was used to statistically analyze the results. Results: The Eth400 birds showed significantly (P<0.05) higher cell-mediated immune response (1.1±0.04 mm) and humoral immune response (49.31±0.03 mm) in comparison with the control group. Birds supplemented with mushroom extracts and protein revealed significantly greater growth performance, maximum in Eth400, in terms of feed conversion ratios (FCR; 1.44±0.002) when compared with the control group (1.7±0.01). Conclusion: Different parameters to evaluate oxidative stress showed that the mushroom extracts and its protein reduced the oxidative stress in the treated groups being maximum in Eth400. Conclusively, the oyster mushroom has health promoting effects in term of production profile, as immunomodulator and antioxidant in broiler poultry.
Milk composition and production varies from species to species, reflecting its diversified benefits on health. Lipids from caprine and ovine milk are anti-obesity and anti-atherogenic while prebiotic in the case of caprine. Higher contents of selenium from caprine and iron from camel milk play a role in immune system and oxygen transport system, respectively, whereas enriched vitamins like riboflavin, folic acid, B6, vitamin A of bovine, and foliate of cattle are effective in the synthesis of hemoglobin, and high niacin content of caprine is anti-cancerous. Camel milk is found to have characteristics of anti-carcinogenic, antidiabetic, and autoimmune therapeutic. Various processing techniques like pasteurization, skim milk powder processing, and ultra-high temperature processing are necessary for safe provision of milk to meet consumers' demand. Change in flavor, loss of micronutrients, biofilm production, and spore-forming bacteria are prominent challenges during processing. Antimicrobial resistance and disease conditions are exaggerating factors of milk deterioration with respect to quality and quantity. Preclinical trials like somatic cell count, California mastitis test, proteomic analysis, Raman spectroscopy-based analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis are helpful in avoiding the spread of disease and controlling of economic losses. This chapter focuses differential functions of bioactive of milk, issues arising during processing techniques, and preclinical studies of milk for safer production and consumption of milk.
Oxidation and reduction reactions occurring inside the cell must be maintained in the state of equilibrium so that the integrity of cells can be maintained and production of the animals remains at optimum. If there is imbalance between redox reaction, health of the animals gets affected in terms of onset of various reproductive disorders and diseases like mastitis. A number of antioxidants are produced naturally inside the body but under stressful endogenous and exogenous environment, their production is hampered. Thus, supplementation of animals with antioxidants like vitamin C and Vitamin E in feed or parenteral administration is essential to keep the animal healthy to get maximum possible production.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto). The parasite affects a wide range of livestock and wild animals. In this study, the population diversity of the Echinococcus species was investigated based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. In addition to this, β-tubulin gene isoforms of Echinococcus granulosus were amplified to determine the resistance against benzimidazoles. For this purpose, 40 cyst samples from cattle (n = 20) and buffaloes (n = 20) were collected from the main abattoir of Sialkot. DNA extraction was performed using Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kits. Amplification was performed through PCR. Each amplicon was confirmed by GelRed™ stained agarose gel (2%). Samples were sequenced in a DNA analyzer and viewed for any misread nucleotide by using MEGA (v.11). Corrections in nucleotide sequence and multiple sequence alignment were made through the same software. NCBI-BLAST was used for sample specific sequences to identify them as belonging to a particular species. Diversity indices were estimated using DnaSP (v.6) while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Bayesian method using MrBayes (v.1.1). β-tubulin gene isoforms sequence analysis was performed to find out the candidate gene causing benzimidazole resistance. All 40 isolates were found positive for E. granulosus. BLAST-based searches of sequences of each isolate for each gene (nad5 and cytb) confirmed their maximum similarity with the G1 genotype. Overall, high haplotype diversity (Hd nad5 = 1.00; Hd cytb = 0.833) and low nucleotide diversity (π nad5 = 0.00560; π = cytb = 0.00763) was identified based on diversity indices. For both the genes, non-significant values of Tajima’s D (nad5 = −0.81734; cytb = −0.80861) and Fu’s Fs (nad5 = −1.012; cytb = 0.731) indicate recent population expansion. Bayesian phylogeny-based results of nad5 and cytb sequences confirmed their genotypic status as distinct from other Echinococcus species. This study shed light on the status of benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus for the very first time from Pakistan. The findings of this study will significantly add in the information available on genetic diversity of Echinoccous granulosus based on cytb and nad5 genes sequences.
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