The present study was designed for the evaluation of the effect of agricultural loan on productivity and income of sample farmers in a backward area of Upper and Lower Kurram tehsil of Parachinar, where the main source of institutional credit is Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL). For this purpose, primary data of 100 respondents were collected from two Tehsils i.e. Lower and Upper Kurram by using convenience sampling technique, and multiple regression model was used for data analysis. Furthermore, the research could support us to evaluate the relationship between the farm productivity and agricultural credit facilitated by ZTBL in the Parachinar, in term of loan availability and its uses in improving the farm productivity. The result showed that overall average efficiency of the noncredit user was 4.448 while credit user efficiency was 7.058 which shows credit has a significant impact on farm productivity if it is not used as non-productively i.e., construction of houses, purchase of vehicle and marriages.
S pinach is one of the most important crops among all vegetables that belongs to family Chenopodiaceae. It is well known due to its taste and presence of essential elements like magnesium, iron, calcium, manganese, folic acid and Vitamins (A, B, C, and E) (Tewani et al., 2016) Spinach play a crucial role in food and medicine industries. It is used as curing agent against constipation, dyspepsia, anemia, neuritis, obesity, bronchitis and high blood pressure (Kumar et al., 2013;Bassey and Khan, 2015) Spinach crop is susceptible to various bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Among all fungal diseases Alternaria leaf spot is a potential extortion to the Abstract | To check the efficacy of fungicides and plant extracts against leaf spot disease of spinach caused by Alternaria alternata five plant extracts and five fungicides were evaluated under in vitro and field conditions by using complete randomized design (CRD) and randomized complete block design (RCBD). In plant extracts moringa (Moringa oleifera) showed minimum fungal growth (20.790) mm followed by ginger (Zingiber officinale) (25.910), garlic (Allium sativum) (28.087), neem (Azadirachta indica) (29.010) and aloevera (Aloe barbadensis miller) (29.538) mm as compared to control plates, while in chemicals Tilt showed minimum fungal growth (7.982) followed by Score (10.865), Antracol (11.395), Radomil Gold (11.965) and Blue Copper (14.390) mm as compared to control. In the greenhouse, the most effective fungicide and plant extract were applied as tilt and moringa alone and their combination. The plants treated with tilt + moringa was found effective as compared to alone applications. tilt + moringa showed minimum disease incidence (15%) followed by Tilt (18.33%) and moringa (32.33%) as compared to control. While under the field conditions same combination of Tilt + moringa expressed minimum disease incidence (18%) followed by tilt (20.83%) and moringa (34.50%). By these findings it is recommended to farmers that, Alternaria leaf spot disease of spinach can be managed by using tilt fungicide and moringa extract.
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