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Background: The most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is lymphadenitis. Lymphadenitis is considered mainly a disease of young children and has a peak age of onset at 20 to 40 years. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to detect and compare the presence of acid fast bacilli in lymph node biopsies and their touch preparations using Ziehl Neelsen and fluorescence staining. Materials and Methods: The lymph node biopsies and their touch preparations were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin to determine their morphology. Slides were stained with ZN staining and fluorescent staining technique using Auramine O and Rohdamine B to demonstrate the presence of acid fast bacilli in tissue and their touch preparations. Results: AFB was detected in 56% of biopsies and 54% of touch preparations. In addition in these cases we observed that fluorescent staining technique using Auramine O and Rohdamine B is superior to ZN stain because low magnification used in fluorescent staining technique makes it possible to scan the smear rapidly and detects the AFB as glowing spots even if it is present in small numbers. Conclusion: The results of AFB in tissue biopsies are in equivalent in their touch preparation.

Background: Helicobacter pylori colonizes gastric tissue in obese patients and mostly remains undetected clinically, as histological and molecular analysis is seldom ordered in such cases. Objectives: This study aimed to detect the frequency of H. pylori using different techniques in sleeve gastrectomy specimens of obese patients with minimal or no symptoms suggestive of gastritis. Methods: This longitudinal study was carried out at Farooq Hospital Westwood Lahore, Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology Department and Resource Laboratory at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, from February 2021 to September 2021. This study selected 80 cases who underwent sleeve gastrectomy within six months. Helicobacter pylori was detected by rapid urease test (RUT), modified Giemsa staining, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results: Most patients (83.7%) were clinically asymptomatic, while 10% had mild and 6.3% had moderate to severe gastritis symptoms. Of the asymptomatic patients, 56.7% of biopsies showed chronic gastritis. Rapid urease test and modified Giemsa staining showed positive evidence for H. pylori in 47.3% of cases, whereas an additional 13.2% of biopsies that were negative on conventional methods showed the amplification of H. pylori DNA by PCR. Patients were discharged with proton-pump inhibitors therapy (40 mg/day) that showed no adverse post-surgical event over a follow-up of six months. Conclusions: Persistent obesity and other socioeconomic factors may lead to colonizing asymptomatic H. pylori infection. More sensitive techniques for detecting H. pylori may be employed in resource-constrained settings for better patient outcomes and to minimize the complications after sleeve gastrectomy.

Objectives: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) are the commonest salivary gland malignancies in Pakistan constituting almost 75%of all malignant salivary gland tumours. The objective of this study was explore the clinical &morphological spectrum of these tumours in local population and to grade them w.r.t. moderngrading criteria. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Morbid Anatomy andHistopathology/ Oral Pathology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Period: Jan.2014 to Sep. 2015. Method: Paraffin embedded blocks and detailed clinical data of 20 caseseach of adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma reported at local tertiarycare hospitals. The histologic diagnosis was made on Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Thetumours were graded into grades I, II & III according to the most recent grading criteria. AdCCwas studied with respect to its morphological patterns (tubular, cribriform and solid) while MECwas studied with special concern to the cell types seen in it (mucous, intermediate, squamousand clear cells). Results: The most frequently observed age group for the patients of AdCCwas the 5th (45%) decade with mean age of 41.50±12.224 years and a female predilection of1.5:1. Minor salivary glands were the commonest site involved (80%) of which palate was mostfrequently affected (37.5%) followed by maxilla (25%). Grade I (75%) was most frequently notedgrade in AdCC. Cribriform pattern (60%) was the most frequently encountered predominanthistological pattern followed by equal distribution of tubular and solid Patterns (20% each).MEC affected most patients in 3rd (30%) decade with mean age of and 32.35±13.674 yearsand male predilection (60%). Parotid gland (70%) was the commonest site involved followedby maxilla (10%). Histologically, grade III (40%) was most frequently noted followed by gradeI (35%) and grade II (25%). Squamous cells (65%) were the predominant cell type in mostcases followed by mucous cells in (35%) cases. Conclusion: Adenoid cystic carcinoma andmucoepidermoid carcinoma both affect a younger age group in our population with a female(1.5:1) and male (1:1.5) predilection respectively. The most favoured site for AdCC and MEC ispalate and parotid gland respectively. Grade I AdCC and cribriform pattern are the commonestgrade and pattern encountered in this study. On the other hand, high grade (Grade III) MECis the most regularly encountered grade in MEC. So, proper grading and staging along withmeticulous surgical approach is needed to improve the life expectancy in these patients.

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