Background: Though the factors causing domestic violence and abuse (DVA), such as mental illness among men is well-research, the mental health consequences of DVA for the victims (women) are seldom explored. Methodology: This case-control study was conducted upon a sample of 200 women (100 cases and 100 controls) presenting to the psychiatric outpatient department at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. After taking written informed consent, patients with a clinical diagnosis of general anxiety disorder (GAD) were invited to participate in this research. Their data was collected via a self-structured questionnaire inquiring about basic biodata, sociodemographic details, GAD diagnosis, GAD 7 scale score and DVA history. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 22. 0. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 36 ± 09 years (range 23 to 49). 164 (82%) women were present in a marital relationship, and the remaining were either separated, divorced, or widowed. The mean duration for which the survivors suffered abuse was 7.3 ± 2.5 years, and 153 (76.5%) suffered from DVA to date. 41 (20.5%) participants made their index visit to the psychiatric facility while the remaining were frequent visitors. The mean GAD score of the sample was recorded to be 18 ± 3, with a majority of the patients having moderate or severe anxiety. DVA was more prevalent among the GAD group (p-value 0.034). Additionally, within the GAD group, a higher GAD & scale score correlated with a longer DVA duration and active DVA infliction. Conclusion: There is a significant association between DVA and GAD. However, more research is needed to further explore the relationship, for better understanding, and maybe developed upon which more suited treatment protocols may be devised. The results also highlight the prevalence of DVA and the need to apply interventions and offer women help.
Introduction Aplastic anemia is a rare and potentially life-threatening hematological disorder with incidence of 1.4 to 14 cases/million. It is associated with exposures to certain environmental chemicals, drugs and infections. The objective was to investigate the association of illness with family history of aplastic anemia, exposure to pesticides and chemicals. Methodology A hospital-based case–control study (191 cases, 696 controls) was conducted from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2018 in Karachi, Sindh. Cases were patients with diagnosis of aplastic anemia confirmed with bone marrow biopsy. Controls neither had aplastic anemia nor other hematological chronic diseases. An in-person interview was conducted to collect demographic information, family history of aplastic anemia, and history of pesticide and chemical exposure. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated via SPSS v22. Results A total of 191 confirmed aplastic anemia cases were selected. Mean age was 29 years (range: 4–69) and predominantly there were males 129 (67.5%). The majority, 84 (44.0%), of the cases were aged 16–30 years. In multivariate analysis models, the significant associations were observed between aplastic anemia with family history of aplastic anemia (aOR=13.3, 95% C.I 3.66–48.50), exposure to pesticides (aOR=2.1, 95% C.I 1.23–3.61) and chemicals (aOR=3.6, 95% C.I 2.06–6.34). Conclusion This study observed a significant association of aplastic anemia with family history of aplastic anemia, exposure to pesticide and insecticide exposure. However, to establish this connection, further longitudinal studies are warranted.
Introduction:In Pakistan, the incidence rate of aplastic anemia is 3.5 cases/million. The associated risk factors are exposure to pesticides, chemicals, and some drugs. The link between aplastic anemia and socio-demographic factors is debatable. Purpose: We conducted this study to investigate the role of socio-economic anddemographic factors with aplastic anemia. Methodology: A total of 191 lab-confirmed incident cases of aplastic anemia were identified from the tertiary hospital of Karachi-Pakistan in between 2015 and 2018. Age and gendermatched 694 controls were randomly selected from the same institute admitted or visited for other non-neoplastic conditions. Socio-demographic and exposure information was gathered using a data collection form. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for selected socio-demographic factors. Results: Among socio-demographic factors, significant associations of aplastic anemia risk emerged for illiteracy (aOR: 2.3; 1.5; 3.5) occupation (any type) (aOR: 2.1; 1.7; 2.5), living in rural environments (aOR: 2.9; 1.9; 4.2). The odds of aplastic anemia increased with the age group 31-50 years (aOR: 1.8; 1.7; 3.5) and >50 years (aOR: 2.5; 2.1; 4.2). We observed no association of income with the risk of aplastic anemia. Conclusion:This study highlights the importance of socio-demographic factors as a risk factor for the development of aplastic anemia in the population of Pakistan. In order to reduce disease incidence, health education program and use of personal protective equipment and organization of screening camps in high-risk population is warranted.
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