God-gifted talents, best teachers and best schooling augment the academic performance and students' motivation is prerequisite for students' accomplishment. This study attempts to identify the influence of students' motivation on their academic performance.The sample of 342 individuals studying in different universities of Pakistan was selected. Questionnaires comprising three parts were sent directly to targeted segment. In the first part, the first few questions are related to personal information; second part consists of thirty questions of "The University Student Motivation and Satisfaction Questionnaire Version 2", which was used to measure students' extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and last part is related to academics performance of the students. The study delineates that students' motivations dimensions extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation has positive impact on academic performance of students. Academics performance amplifies between the ranges of 23 percent and 34 percent due to extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation and the overall model is significant (p<0.05). When we compare variables on individual bases, students who adapt self-exploratory variable and altruism variable, rejection of alternative options variable tend to perform better, whereas student who adapt career and qualifications variable, social enjoyment variable and social pressure variable tend to perform less then expected. The study accentuates that students' motivation is a vital part of students' success.
Quantum Lyapunov control was developed in order to transform a quantum system from arbitrary initial states to a target state. The idea is to find control fields that steer the Lyapunov function to zero as $t\rightarrow \infty$, meanwhile the quantum system is driven to the target state. In order to shorten the time required to reach the target state, we propose two designs to optimize Lyapunov control in this paper. The first design makes the Lyapunov function decrease as fast as possible with a constraint on the total power of control fields, and the second design has the same purpose but with a constraint on each control field. Examples of a three-level system demonstrate that the evolution time for Lyapunov control can be significantly shortened, especially when high control fidelity is required. Besides, this optimal Lyapunov-based quantum control is robust against uncertainties in the free Hamiltonian and decoherence in the system compared to conventional Lyapunov control.Comment: 7 paages, 6 figure
An important and serious complication of intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica is the involvement of the liver (hepatic amoebiasis). Hepatic amoebiasis is usually diagnosed by the clinical picture (pain in the right upper quadrant and fever), ultrasound examination and positive serology. However, none of these tests are definitive and the picture overlaps with pyogenic liver abscess caused by bacteria. It is for this reason that the feasibility of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of E. histolytica DNA in liver abscess pus was investigated. A comparative study was done to verify the sensitivity of ten pairs of primers specific for detecting E. histolytica in stools. Samples of liver abscess pus from 22 serology-positive patients were collected under ultrasound guidance; and these were used directly in PCR assays without any prior pre-treatment of the samples. Of the ten pairs of previously published primers tested, two pairs of primers (PI + P2 and P11 + P12) were found to give 100% sensitivity. Based on these results, we recommend that PCR assay can be successfully used to confirm the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess with the primers identified.
Thalassemia is a genetic haematological disorder that arises due to defects in the α and β-globin genes. Worldwide, 0.3-0.4 million children are born with haemoglobinopathies per year. Thalassemic patients, as well as their families, face various serious clinical, socioeconomic , and psychosocial challenges throughout their life. Different therapies are available in clinical practice to minimize the suffering of thalassemic patients to some extent and potentially cure the disease. Predominantly, patients undergo transfusion therapy to maintain their haemoglobin levels. Due to multiple transfusions, the iron levels in their bodies are elevated. Iron overload results in damage to body organs, resulting in heart failure, liver function failure or endocrine failure, all of which are commonly observed. Certain drugs have been developed to enhance the expression of the γ-gene, which ultimately results in augmentation of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels and total haemoglobin levels in the body. However, its effectiveness is dependent on the genetic makeup of the individual patient. At present, allogeneic haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is the only practically available option with a high curative rate. However, the outcome of HSCT is strongly influenced by factors such as age at transplantation, irregular iron chelation history before transplantation, histocompatibility, and source of stem cells. Gene therapy using the lentiglobin vector is the most recent method for cure without any mortality, graft rejection and clonal dominance issues. However, delayed platelet engraftment is being reported in some patients. Genome editing is a novel approach which may be used to treat patients with thalassemia; it makes use of targeted nucleases to correct the mutations in specific DNA sequences and modify the sequence to the normal wild-type sequence. To edit the genome at the required sites, CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and accurate tool that is used in various genetic engineering programs. Genome editing mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 has the ability to restore the normal β-globin function with minimal side effects. Using CRISPR/Cas9, expression of BCL11A can be downregulated along with increased production of HbF. However, these genome editing tools are still under in-vitro trials. CRISPR/Cas9 has can be used for precise transcriptional regulation, genome modification and epigenetic editing. Additional research is required in this regard, as CRISPR/Cas9 may potentially exhibit off-target activity and there are legal and ethical considerations regarding its use. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Therapeutic options for thalassemia 3. Gene-based therapies 4. Conclusions
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