No abstract

Machine learning has been applied in healthcare domain for the development of smart devices to improve the life of the elderly persons in the society. Taking care of elderly person in the society is a critical issue that need automation. To proffer solution, many researchers developed deep learning algorithms smart devices for detecting elderly behavior to improve the elderly healthcare. Despite the progress made in the applications of deep learning algorithms in elderly healthcare systems, to the best of the author's knowledge no comprehensive recent development has been published on this interesting research area especially focusing on deep learning. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive recent development on the advances, methods and real world applications on developing smart devices for detecting elderly behavior for use in smart home, smart clinic, smart hospital and smart elderly nursing home for elderly person's healthcare. Theories of the deep learning algorithms, recent development recorded as regard to the applicability of deep learning in elderly healthcare systems and case studies were discussed. A taxonomy based on the data extracted from the applicability of deep learning algorithms in elderly healthcare systems is created to ease pointing out areas that need more attention. The article shows that the deep learning algorithm that received tremendous attention from researchers is convolutional neural network architecture and its variants. To help in future development of the research area, we highlighted the challenges associated to the applicability of deep learning algorithms in elderly healthcare system and pointed out new point of view for future research. The research community can use our review as a benchmark for proposing novel deep learning algorithms based smart devices to detect elderly behavior for elderly healthcare systems. Industries and organizations can use the paper as a guide in selecting machine learning based smart device for detecting elderly behavior for elderly healthcare support.INDEX TERMS Machine learning, deep learning algorithms, convolutional neural network, elderly person behaviour, VGG, Internet of Things, smart nursing home.

A systematic fuzzy approach is developed to model fuzziness and uncertainties in the preferences of decision makers involved in a conflict. This unique fuzzy preference formulation is used within the paradigm of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution in which a given dispute is modeled in terms of decision makers, each decision maker's courses of actions or options, and each decision maker's preferences concerning the states or outcomes which could take place. In order to be able to determine the stability of each state for each decision maker and the possible equilibria or resolutions, a range of solution concepts describing potential human behavior under conflict are defined for use with fuzzy preferences. More specifically, strong and weak definitions of stability are provided for the solution concepts called Nash, general metarational, symmetric metarational, and sequential stability. To illustrate how these solution concepts can be conveniently used in practice, they are applied to a dispute over the contamination of an aquifer by a chemical company located in Elmira, Ontario, Canada.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been regarded as the leading cause of death with 32% of the total deaths around the world. Owing to the large number of symptoms related to age, gender, demographics, and ethnicity, diagnosing CVDs is a challenging and complex task. Furthermore, the lack of experienced staff and medical experts, and the non-availability of appropriate testing equipment put the lives of millions of people at risk, especially in under-developed and developing countries. Electronic health records (EHRs) have been utilized for diagnosing several diseases recently and show the potential for CVDs diagnosis as well. However, the accuracy and efficacy of EHRs-based CVD diagnosis are limited by the lack of an appropriate feature set. Often, the feature set is very small and unable to provide enough features for machine learning models to obtain a good fit. This study solves this problem by proposing the novel use of feature extraction from a convolutional neural network (CNN). An ensemble model is designed where a CNN model is used to enlarge the feature set to train linear models including stochastic gradient descent classifier, logistic regression, and support vector machine that comprise the soft-voting based ensemble model. Extensive experiments are performed to analyze the performance of different ratios of feature sets to the training dataset. Performance analysis is carried out using four different datasets and results are compared with recent approaches used for CVDs. Results show the superior performance of the proposed model with 0.93 accuracy, and 0.92 scores each for precision, recall, and F1 score. Results indicate both the superiority of the proposed approach, as well as the generalization of the ensemble model using multiple datasets.

Maternal health is an important aspect of women’s health during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Specifically, during pregnancy, different health factors like age, blood disorders, heart rate, etc. can lead to pregnancy complications. Detecting such health factors can alleviate the risk of pregnancy-related complications. This study aims to develop an artificial neural network-based system for predicting maternal health risks using health data records. A novel deep neural network architecture, DT-BiLTCN is proposed that uses decision trees, a bidirectional long short-term memory network, and a temporal convolutional network. Experiments involve using a dataset of 1218 samples collected from maternal health care, hospitals, and community clinics using the IoT-based risk monitoring system. Class imbalance is resolved using the synthetic minority oversampling technique. DT-BiLTCN provides a feature set to obtain high accuracy results which in this case are provided by the support vector machine with a 98% accuracy. Maternal health exploratory data analysis reveals that the health conditions which are the strongest indications of health risk during pregnancy are diastolic and systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and age of pregnant women. Using the proposed model, timely prediction of health risks associated with pregnant women can be made thus mitigating the risk of health complications which helps to save lives.